Abstract
Background. Clonorchis sinensis/Opisthorchis viverrini and minute intestinal flukes (MIF) such as Haplorchis pumilio and H. taichui are fish-borne trematodes (FBT) that may coexist in regions where local people have a habit of eating raw fish like Vietnam. Responses to FBT should be verified according to the data on the distribution of these flukes. This study aims to explore the prevalence of different species of FBT and related factors among local people in a northern province of Vietnam. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kim Son and Yen Khanh districts, Ninh Binh province, between March 2016 and March 2017. Four hundred people aged 15 years or older were interviewed and gave stool samples. The FBT eggs in faecal samples were enumerated by modified formalin-ether technique and identified by sequencing of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region. Result. Among the 400 persons, 19.5% were infected with FBT. On univariate analysis, eating raw fish was the main risk factor (odds ratios (OR)) of 6.769 (95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.655–17.259) followed by being of male gender (3.994 (CI95% 2.117–7.536)) and drinking alcohol (2.680 (CI95% 1.440–4.986)), respectively. There was no risk of increased infection among those living at home without hygienic latrines, those living close to rivers or having ponds, or those raising cats or dogs. By multivariate analysis, FBT infection was only related to the consumption of raw fish and gender. Seventy stool samples with a sufficient amount of faecal matter were subjected to DNA extraction, 42.85% of them yielded DNA production, and all were of Clonorchis sinensis. Conclusion. Results of the study showed the high prevalence of infection of fish-borne trematode, mostly C. sinensis among humans in Ninh Binh province. The prevention of FBT should be strengthened with programs detailed according to the distribution of FBT in different endemic areas.
Highlights
Digenetic trematodes are commonly called “flatworms” and a major group of human parasites.They are classified as liver, lung, intestinal, or blood flukes according to the typical microhabitat in which the adult parasite usually resides
The study aims to explore the prevalence of different species of fish-borne trematodes (FBT) and related factors among local people in a northern province of Vietnam
The prevalence of infection of fishborne trematode among human in Kim Son and Yen Khanh district, Ninh Binh province, was still high most were of a light infection and infected with Clonorchis sinensis
Summary
Digenetic trematodes (digeneans or flukes) are commonly called “flatworms” and a major group of human parasites.They are classified as liver, lung, intestinal, or blood flukes according to the typical microhabitat in which the adult parasite usually resides. For the same mode of transmission, SLF and MIF infection may coexist in regions where local people have a habit of eating raw fish including Lao PDR, northern Thailand, and Vietnam [3,4,5,6,7,8]. They share many similar biological aspects, SLF and MIF differ in terms of intermediate hosts, time to complete life cycle in the definite host and life expectancy in the human body, response to antihelminth drugs, etc. Clonorchis sinensis/Opisthorchis viverrini and minute intestinal flukes (MIF) such as Haplorchis pumilio and H. taichui are fish-borne trematodes (FBT) that may coexist in regions where local people have a habit of eating raw fish like Vietnam. The prevention of FBT should be strengthened with programs detailed according to the distribution of FBT in different endemic areas
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