PREVALENCE OF UROLITHIASIS TYPES AND FACTORS OF STONE FORMATION AMONG LOCAL RESIDENTS OF SOUTH WAZIRISTAN

Abstract

Background: Kidney stone disease (KSD), a widespread public health issue around the globe, is caused by the confluence of demography, contact with the environment, eating choices, and hereditary factors. Aims: The current study examined the prevalence of urolithiasis types and factors of stone formation among residents of Waziristan since a rising water consumption (>3 l everyday) is frequently advised by doctors to avoid kidney disease. Methods: From 110 renal stone individuals ages 18 to 55. There were 25 women and 85 men in Waziristan, and data on a household residence, daily water intake, and origin of water supply were gathered. Drinking water samples were taken twice a year from the case (high stone frequency) and control (zero stone epidemiologic) locations using the correct techniques. Potential of hydrogen (pH), acidity, total dissolved solutes (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and salinity were all measured in the samples collected. To see if there had been any statistically meaningful variations among the case and control regions, mean estimates of the examined variables were evaluated. Findings: 53.6% of the patients, we found, drank less than 3 L of water each day. Testing of samples from drinking water reveals calcium oxalate (CaOx) (94%) and struvite (3%), as well as 3% uric acid (UA). TDS levels were around 650 ppm. It was determined that every water sample was fit for human drinking. According to the findings, urolithiasis is quite prevalent in Waziristan and has a wide range of risk variables. Conclusions: The most important factor in the development of KSD is the purity of the water, not the quantity drank. Stone formation is influenced by genetic factors as well as higher overall solute concentrations. Supporting and advancing awareness initiatives that focus on the key urolithiasis risk variables is crucial.