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Abstract
BackgroundGiven the importance of the function of the remnant kidney in children with unilateral renal agenesis and the significance of timely diagnosis and treatment of reflux nephropathy to prevent further damage to the remaining kidney, we aimed to determine the prevalence of reflux nephropathy in this subgroup of pediatric patients.MethodsIn general, 274 children referred to pediatric nephrologists in different parts of Iran were evaluated, of whom 199 had solitary kidney and were included in this cross-sectional study. The reasons for referral included urinary tract infection (UTI), abnormal renal ultrasonography, being symptomatic, and incidental screening. Demographic characteristics, including age and gender were recorded. History of UTI and presence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) were evaluated.ResultsOf the 274 children evaluated in this study with the mean age (SD) of 4.71 (4.24) years, 199 (72.6%) had solitary kidney. Among these, 118 (59.3%) were male and 81 (60.7%) were female, 21.1% had a history of UTI, and VUR was present in 23.1%. The most common cause of referral was abnormal renal ultrasonography (40.2%), followed by incidental screening (21.1%), being symptomatic (14.1%), and UTI (5.5%). In 116 children (58.3%), the right kidneys and in 83 (41.7%) the left kidneys were absent. Besides, 14.6% of the participants had consanguineous parents and 3% had a family history of solitary kidney. Upon DMSA scan, the single kidney was scarred in 13.1%, of which only 7.5% were associated with VUR. In addition, proteinuria and hematuria were observed in 6.5% and 1.5% of children, respectively.ConclusionsThe prevalence of reflux nephropathy was 7.5% in children with solitary kidney with a male predominance. Given the relatively high prevalence of reflux nephropathy in these children, screening for VUR in the remnant kidney appears to be essential in this population.
Highlights
Most solitary kidneys in children are of congenital origin, with renal agenesis accounting for one in every 1000– 2000 births [1]
21.1% of these children had a history of urinary tract infection (UTI) and 23.1% were diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) (Table 2)
VUR was present in 23.1% of children with solitary kidney in this study
Summary
Most solitary kidneys in children are of congenital origin, with renal agenesis accounting for one in every 1000– 2000 births [1]. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the most common urological abnormality in children, mostly diagnosed following a urinary tract infection (UTI). Reflux nephropathy can be congenital, resulting from the anomalous development of the kidneys causing focal dysplasia in the absence of UTI, or acquired, resulting from renal damage associated with pyelonephritis, with the congenital type more common in males and the acquired type more frequently occurring in females. Dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy (99mTcDMSA) is considered the gold standard for diagnosing renal scars; it cannot differentiate between the scars caused by pyelonephritis in the absence of VUR and congenital or acquired reflux nephropathy [7]. Congenital reflux nephropathy has been reported in 30–60% of children with VUR, mostly diagnosed following the identification of hydronephrosis after birth [8]. Given the importance of the function of the remnant kidney in children with unilateral renal agen‐ esis and the significance of timely diagnosis and treatment of reflux nephropathy to prevent further damage to the remaining kidney, we aimed to determine the prevalence of reflux nephropathy in this subgroup of pediatric patients
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