Prevalence of prediabetes in Mexico: a retrospective analysis of nationally representative surveys spanning 2016–2022

Abstract

Characterizing prediabetes phenotypes may be useful in guiding diabetes prevention efforts; however, heterogeneous criteria to define prediabetes have led to inconsistent prevalence estimates, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Here, we estimated trends in prediabetes prevalence in Mexico across different prediabetes definitions and their association with prevalent cardiometabolic conditions. We conducted a serial cross-sectional analysis of National Health and Nutrition Surveys in Mexico (2016-2022), totalling 22081 Mexican adults. After excluding individuals with diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes, we defined prediabetes using ADA (impaired fasting glucose [IFG] 100-125mg/dL and/or HbA1c 5.7-6.4%), WHO (IFG 110-125mg/dL), and IEC criteria (HbA1c 6.0-6.4%). Prevalence trends of prediabetes over time were evaluated using weighted Poisson regression and its association with prevalent cardiometabolic conditions with weighted logistic regression. The prevalence of prediabetes (either IFG or high HbA1c [ADA]) in Mexico was 20.9% in 2022. Despite an overall downward trend in prediabetes (RR 0.973, 95% CI 0.957-0.988), this was primarily driven by decreases in prediabetes by ADA-IFG (RR 0.898, 95% CI 0.880-0.917) and WHO-IFG criteria (RR 0.919, 95% CI 0.886-0.953), while prediabetes by ADA-HbA1c (RR 1.055, 95% CI 1.033-1.077) and IEC-HbA1C criteria (RR 1.085, 95% CI 1.045-1.126) increased over time. Prediabetes prevalence increased over time in adults >40 years, with central obesity, self-identified as indigenous or living in urban areas. For all definitions, prediabetes was associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic conditions. Prediabetes rates in Mexico from 2016 to 2022 varied based on defining criteria but consistently increased for HbA1c-based definitions and high-risk subgroups. This research was supported by Instituto Nacional de Geriatría in Mexico. JAS was supported by NIH/NIDDK Grant# K23DK135798.