Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered as a major etiological agent in periodontal diseases and implied to result in gingival inflammation under orthodontic appliance. rag locus is a pathogenicity island found in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Four rag locus variants are different in pathogenicity of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Moreover, there are different racial and geographic differences in distribution of rag locus genotypes. In this study, we assessed the prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis and rag locus genotypes in 102 gingival crevicular fluid samples from 57 cases of gingivitis patients with orthodontic appliances, 25 cases of periodontitis patients and 20 cases of periodontally healthy people through a 16S rRNA-based PCR and a multiplex PCR. The correlations between Porphyromona.gingivalis/rag locus and clinical indices were analyzed. The prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis and rag locus genes in periodontitis group was the highest among three groups and higher in orthodontic gingivitis than healthy people (p<0.01). An obviously positive correlation was observed between the prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis/rag locus and gingival index. rag-3 and rag-4 were the predominant genotypes in the patients of orthodontic gingivitis and mild-to-moderate periodontitis in Shandong. Porphyromonas.gingivalis carrying rag-1 has the strong virulence and could be associated with severe periodontitis.
Highlights
Malocclusion is one of the most common oral-maxillofacial diseases that bring some negative effects on facial aesthetics, oral physical function and health as well
P.gingivalis was found significantly different in three groups: P.gingivalis was the highest prevalence in periodontitis group (PG) (P,0.01) and higher level in orthodontic group (OG) than control group (CG) (P,0.05) (Table 2)
We detected prevalence of P.gingivalis and rag locus genotypes in local patients of orthodontic gingivitis, periodontitis and periodontally healthy people to evaluate the distribution of P.gingivalis and predominant genotypes of rag locus in different periodontal health statuses, further deduce the pathogenicity of P.gingivalis carrying different rag locus during orthodontic treatment
Summary
Malocclusion is one of the most common oral-maxillofacial diseases that bring some negative effects on facial aesthetics, oral physical function and health as well. Orthodontic treatment is currently the preferred and most common method for the reason of solving above the problems, but it holds some potentials of harming teeth and periodontal tissues due to plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation that are induced by the changes of oral internal environment after wearing fixed orthodontic appliance, lead to changing of host physiology and the composition of the oral microflora [2,3]. Primary pathogenic microorganisms strongly implicated in gingival inflammation and posterior periodontal destruction, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Fusobacterium species have been found elevated in patients after bracket placement [5,6,7]. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum increased significantly after wearing orthodontic appliance and the increase of those pathogens was significantly related with the development of gingivitis in orthodontic treatment [8,9]
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