Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Adult Diabetics at National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology in Cairo

Abstract

Background Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, accounting for around 90% of all diabetes worldwide. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is high and increasing across all regions worldwide. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. It is one of the leading causes of blindness in the working age population and has a great economic impact on society especially on healthcare systems. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus photography are noninvasive examinations that help the clinician to observe signs of neurodegenerative changes in the retina and detects neuroretinal changes in the early stages of DR and DME. Aim of the Work The aim of our study was to estimate the prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy among patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 over 30 years old they will be screened clinically and by fundus photography and optical coherence topography at national institute of diabetes and endocrinology. Patients and Methods This study included 600 eyes from 300 patients. Diabetics were recruited from patients recruited from National institute of Diabetes and endocrinology in the ophthalmic clinic. It was designed as cross sectional hospital based study. This study conducted to estimate the prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema among patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 over 30 years old. Using fundus photography and optical coherence topography (SD-OCT) at National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology. Results The findings of our study showed that the prevalence of DR irrespective to type was 34% of studied eyes. Also it revealed that 22.3% of studied eyes had diabetic macular edema. Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in our study was more common than proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The prevalence of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy in DR patients in our study was (72.5%) but proliferative diabetic retinopathy (27.5%) in DR patients. The commonest type was mild NPDR (33.3%). There is a strong relation between duration of DM, control of HbA1c, age, treatment with insulin and DR and DME. The longer duration of DM and high levels of HbA1c considered main risk factors of DR and DME. Conclusion The prevalence of DR and DME were 34%and 22.3%, respectively of studied eyes in ophthalmology clinic in National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology. These data highlight the substantial public health burden of DR and DME. Old age, Insulin treatment, poor control and the longest duration of DM patients groups are more liable to develop DR and DME.