Abstract
Campylobacter is the world's leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, causing nearly 9 million cases of food poisoning in Europe every year. Poultry is considered the main source of Campylobacter infection to humans. The objectives of the study were to determine occurrence of C. jejuni and C. coli in chickens, the antimicrobial resistance, genotypes, and relatedness of the isolates. A total of 177 chicken samples obtained from informal butcher shops (fresh), formal poultry slaughterhouses (refrigerated) and retail market (frozen) were analyzed. Isolation of Campylobacter spp. was conducted according to the ISO 10272-2006 method. Multiplex PCR was used for confirmation and identification of the isolates. The disk diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates and multilocus sequence typing was used for genotyping. The proportion of samples with Campylobacter spp. was 31.6% among all chicken samples (fresh and refrigerated 47.5%, frozen 0%) C. coli was isolated from 42.4% of chicken samples obtained from butcher shops and from 18.6% of samples obtained in formal slaughterhouses. C. jejuni was isolated from 17.0% of samples obtained in butcher shops and formal slaughterhouses. Campylobacter spp. was not isolated in frozen chicken samples. All tested isolates showed resistance toward ciprofloxacin and susceptibility toward imipenem and all of the isolates were multidrug resistant toward 5 or more antimicrobials. Three sequence types were identified among 10 C. coli isolates and seven sequence types were identified among 10 C. jejuni isolates. Among sequence types, chicken isolates shared similarities of both phenotypic and genetic levels.
Highlights
Campylobacteriosis is a disease caused by members of Campylobacter sp
Campylobacter was isolated in 56 samples of locally produced chickens (47.5%): 21 of samples from formal slaughterhouses (35.6%) and 35 of samples from butcher shops (59.3%), with the difference being statistically significant (P=0.009) by Chi-squared test of association)
Chicken meat has been identified as the main source of human Campylobacter infection and studies aiming at attributing the source of human infection or the relatedness of isolates are conducted (Nadeau et al, 2002; Ravel et al, 2017)
Summary
Campylobacteriosis is a disease caused by members of Campylobacter sp. In low and middle income countries (LMICs) infection in toddlers is mainly caused by C. jejuni (Oberhelman, 2000), C. coli, C. fetus and C. upsaliensis can infect humans. The frequency of Campylobacter in frozen samples is not common and freezing is suggested as a way for decontaminating slaughtered birds (Ilida and Faridah, 2012), Macrolides, such as erythromycin and azithromycin, are the treatment of choice for Campylobacter, alternatively, fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin) and tetracycline can be used (Osaili and Alaboudi, 2017; Siddiqui et al, 2015). In severe cases such as bacteremia, aminoglycosides (gentamicin) are used (Alfredson and Korolik, 2007; Corcoran et al, 2006; Kurinčič et al, 2007). Campylobacter resistant strains have increased, probably as a result of the increased use and misuse of antibiotics in poultry farms (Silva et al, 2011), with strains being resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones (Cody et al, 2010; EFSA, 2011; Silva et al, 2011)
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