Abstract
Aims: The study had two aims: First, we assess the prevalence of resilience based on the person-based classification depicting a balance between the severity of trauma and occurrence of PTSD. Second, we examine the role of resilience characteristics of commitment, control and challenge in protecting children’s mental health from negative trauma impacts. Methods: The participants were 386 Palestinian children and adolescents from Gaza (age 13.41+2.96, 52.07% boys and 47.93% girls). The results revealed a 25% prevalence of resilient children, and resilience was more common in well-educated families and children from geographical areas exposed to heavily Israeli shelling and destruction. Children were interviewed by sociodemographic scale, Gaza Traumatic Events Checklist, Child Depression and Anxiety Scale, UCLA PTSD Index for DSM-IV-Adolescent Version, and Resilience Attitude Scale. Results: There were generally no gender differences in the exposure to traumatic events, as all. Neither were there gender differences in the mean number of traumatic events related to Israeli military violence or Palestinian factional fighting. According to the DSM-IV criterion, 12.4% of the children and adolescents reported probable PTSD, and 22.37% filled the two criteria partial PTSD, and 26.7% the one criteria partial PTSD (re-experiencing or avoidance or hyper arousal). More than a third (38.4% of the children did not have PTSD. There were no significant differences between boys and girls in PTSD. For depression and anxiety, boys and girls did not differ in the levels of PTSD, depressive and anxiety symptoms. Also only one marginal gender difference was found concerning resilience characteristics: girls reported more feelings of control than boys. The results revealed that 25.0% of the participants was classified as resilient indicating presence of high exposure to traumatic events and absence of PTSD and 22.2% as traumatized, i.e., presence of both high exposure to trauma and occurrence of PTSD. Of the children 12.7% were classified as vulnerable, and 40.1% were spared of both high trauma and PTSD. As hypothesized, resilience characteristics protected children’s mental health from trauma, e.g., military trauma was less associated with PTSD and anxiety among children showing high commitment. Discussion focuses on specific functions of resilience in the context of different kind of traumatic events of war, political and military violence.
Highlights
In conditions of war and military violence, children need remarkable resources, strengths and invincibility to guarantee their basic adjustment and healthy development
We assess the prevalence of resilience based on the person-based classification depicting a balance between the severity of trauma and occurrence of PTSD
We examine the role of resilience characteristics of commitment, control and challenge in protecting children’s mental health from negative trauma impacts
Summary
In conditions of war and military violence, children need remarkable resources, strengths and invincibility to guarantee their basic adjustment and healthy development. Neither resilience nor excessive psychiatric disorders is the most prevalent among trauma surviving children. Instead, they show various ways of recovery, and attempts to cope and protect their well-being and psychological integrity. A majority of children shows excessive fears and posttraumatic symptoms (PTSD) and cling to parents in acute life danger, but most of them gradually recover if psychological and social resources are available [5,6]. The present study analyses resilience prevalence and function among Palestinian children who lived in conditions of military violence and siege in Gaza. Gender Father education Step 2 Traumatic events Israeli military violence Palestinian factional fighting Step 3 Resilience. Challenge Step 4 Interactions I War trauma X Commitment War trauma X Control War trauma X Challenge Step 5 Interactions II Factional trauma X
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