Prevailing conjugated porous polymers for electrochemical energy storage and conversion: Lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors and water-splitting

Abstract

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) have become candidates with potential for electrochemical energy-related applications which because of the characteristic of adjustable architecture, physicalchemical stability, simple manufacture and feasible functionalization. • COFs and CMPs have attracted widespread attention as electrode materials in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. • This review provides a detailed classification of COFs and CMPs as electrode materials from the perspective of design principles. • This review summarizes the latest progress of COFs and CMPs as electrode materials in lithium - ion batteries, supercapacitors and electrochemical water - splitting. • The advantages and the challenges of COFs and CMPs in electrochemical energy storage and conversion are described. Covalent organic framework (COFs) and conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) adopt rigid structure directing motifs as building blocks, which are connected by covalent bonds in a specific polymerization reaction with crystalline and amorphous morphology, respectively. They usually possess high specific surface area, controllable porous structure, as well as physical and chemical stability. Due to the diversity of organic monomers and organic reactions, COFs and CMPs can be synthesized by designing suitable monomers and organic polymerization reactions for specific applications. In recent years, COFs and CMPs as functional materials have received extensive attention, and great progress have been made in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. In this review, we systematically sorted out the design principles of COFs and CMPs as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and supercapacitors (SC) electrode materials, as well as water-splitting electrocatalysts. Subsequently, the latest advances in COFs and CMPs for energy storage and conversion systems were introduced from the perspective of synthesis strategies. Finally, we put forward the outlook and prospects of COFs and CMPs for LIBs, supercapacitors, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with high-efficiency.