Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) in an Intermittent Process as an Alternative for Obtaining Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis) Leaf Hydroalcoholic Extract (Tincture)

Abstract

Tinctures are medicinal plant extracts obtained by extraction with a hydroalcoholic solution (70%) by percolation (PER). This process takes about 26 h to prepare, in addition to using a large amount of solvent. In our research, passion fruit leaf tinctures were obtained using extract with the same pressurized hydroalcoholic solution as in an intermittent process. The objective was to demonstrate that this emerging technology can be economical and profitable. An optimization using Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was performed to evaluate the influence of process variables on the yields and compositions of the extracts. The temperature (T) was the factor that most influenced the responses. Extraction with pressurized liquid (PLE) provided total yields and total phenolic and flavonoid contents in greater amounts than PER. The optimized conditions of the process variables studied in the CCRD for the highest content of total phenolics (43.2 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (58.8 mg QE/g) were at 100 °C with a rinse volume of 120% of the divided extractor volume in four cycles of the intermittent process. When adjusting the PLE in an intermittent process, and according to the one-dimensional mass transfer by the continuous diffusion of the Fick model, the effective diffusion coefficient (1.28 × 10−12 m2/s) was not affected by T. The kinetic curve of PLE extraction indicates that the adjusted intermittent process occurred in the period of the constant extraction rate when compared to the kinetics of the semi-continuous process. The yielded extracts were rich in isovitexin, and the highest levels were identified in the extracts obtained via PLE, indicating that this intermittent process can bring a product to market with the same quality but with a much shorter production time and the use of fewer solvents. Antioxidant activity, determined by DPPH, FRAP and ORAC, was also higher in extracts obtained via PLE.