Presidents in Parliamentary Democracies

Abstract

Management and administration of a state are important functions to ensure security, protection, and shape environments where peoples of a country live. Depending on the context, various institutional design options have served as basis for governing a country. In democratic societies, three main institutional design options for a country’s governance are observed. The first institutional design option is Parliamentarism, where main officials mandate originates from an electoral system. The second is Presidentialism, where citizens can select directly by the vote the Parliamentarian/ Congressman and the President through different election processes. The third is Semipresidentialism, where there is more integration of the different branches, and the executive and legislative aren’t so strictly separated. This abstract gives a snapshot in the current year, about the main powers of the Presidents across Europe, by analyzing the exercising of power of the Presidents that is at an extent is influenced by the election procedure, whether the President derives from the election of the members of the Parliament or by electoral vote of the citizens (https://crsreports.congress.gov). This article provides an overview of the features of the key institutional design options in a country’s governance, with a view on the role and merits of Presidents versus types of institutional designs. At the same time, it contributes to raising consciousness about reforms needed in the current governance system, and setting priorities for choosing the institutional rules. The research method used for the purposes of writing of this article, is secondary research. This has involved review of various external sources from a variety of channels. Format sources reviewed have included published datasets, reports, articles, other. The analytical framework covers the following data sets: political systems, regime types, economic freedom, government defense integrity, freedom in the world, corruption perception index. The results indicate for a potential correlational relationship between the governance institutional design and level of development of a country. Data gathered shows that presidentialism and semipresidentialism are prevailing governance systems. But parliamentarians countries, tend to perform better in national sectoral assessments. Presidentialism or semipresidentialism countries, perform lower and, usually poor, in what is assessed as quality governance, and democratic regimes.