Abstract
Energy storage systems (ESS) are becoming essential as a solution for troublesome industrial systems. This study focuses on the application of a type of ESS, a high-power technology known in the literature as supercapacitors or electric double layer capacitors (EDLC). This technology has had a huge impact during the last decade on research related to the electric traction drives, renewable sources and powergrids. Related to this aspect, this paper summarizes the most relevant scientific publications in the last five years that study the use of supercapacitor technology (SCs) in electric traction applications (drives for rail vehicles and drives for road vehicles), generation systems for renewable energy (wind, solar and wave energy), and connection systems to the electric grid (voltage and frequency regulation and microgrids). The technology based on EDLC and the practical aspects that must be taken into account in the op-eration of these systems in industrial applications are briefly described. For each of the aforementioned applications, it is described how the problems are solved by using the energy storage technology, drawing the solutions proposed by different authors. Special attention is paid to the control strategies when combining SCs with other technologies, such as batteries. As a summary, some conclusions are collected drawn from the publications analyzed, evaluating the aspects in which it is necessary to conduct further research in order to facilitate the integration of EDLC technology.
Highlights
Energy storage systems have begun to play a fundamental role in recent years, being one of the most used solutions to improve industrial processes
This paper describes the most important studies done for the three main groups which represent most of the SCs present applications
The present manuscript describes the most relevant papers that propose the integration of SCs in electric traction drives, renewable energy sources, and grid connection applications
Summary
Energy storage systems have begun to play a fundamental role in recent years, being one of the most used solutions to improve industrial processes. After showing the operating ranges of some of the most widespread storage technologies in the industry, a comparison between the SCs and their competitors (batteries and Energies 2021, 14, 3060 flywheels) is collected, where the advantages and disadvantages are described in order to establish criteria to select the most suitable techonology for an application. ESR provokes a voltage drop, decreasing the SCs efficiency, should be paid to the ohmic losses on the SCs in those applications which require and a temperature rise inside the cells This heat produced from losses needs to be high power [15]. Navarro [18]ispresents a study in which parameters are analyzed and aging for cycles longer in voltage the order of hoursin[16] Theseries originconnection of this effect is the reactions and imbalance a large of SCs areredox calibrated.
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