Abstract
We aimed to improve the mechanical properties of alginate fibers by reinforcing with various cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). Pure cellulose nanofibril (PCNF), lignocellulose nanofibril (LCNF) obtained via deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment, and TEMPO-oxidized lignocellulose nanofibril (TOLCNF) were employed. Sodium alginate (AL) was mixed with PCNF, LCNF, and TOLCNF with a CNF content of 5–30%. To fabricate microcomposite filaments, the suspensions were wet-spun in calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution through a microfluidic channel. Average diameters of the microcomposite filaments were in the range of 40.2–73.7 μm, which increased with increasing CNF content and spinning rate. The tensile strength and elastic modulus improved as the CNF content increased to 10%, but the addition of 30% CNF deteriorated the tensile properties. The tensile strength and elastic modulus were in the order of LCNF/AL > PCNF/AL > TOLCNF/AL > AL. An increase in the spinning rate improved the tensile properties.
Highlights
Sodium alginate (AL) is a water-soluble, non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible polysaccharide derived from brown algae
AL microcomposite filaments are normally produced by wet-spinning into a coagulating bath of calcium chloride (CaCl2 ) [3,4]
AL, CaCl2, choline chloride (ChCl), lactic acid (LA), TEMPO, sodium bromide, 12% hypochlorite solution, 0.5 M sodium hydroxide standard solution, 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution, ethanol, and tert-butanol were purchased from Daejung Chemical & Metals Co., Ltd. (Siheung, Korea), and PDMS
Summary
Sodium alginate (AL) is a water-soluble, non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible polysaccharide derived from brown algae It is made up of β-D-mannuronate (M) and α-L-guluronate (G) units that are distributed uniformly in various ratios within macromolecular chains to form M segments, G segments, and MG segments [1]. AL microcomposite filaments are normally produced by wet-spinning into a coagulating bath of calcium chloride (CaCl2 ) [3,4]. The gelation of AL occurs due to the ionic cross-linkage of polyionic AL chains via Ca2+ ions which can be conventionally described by the “egg-box” model [5] At their G-segments, two alginate chains align antiparallel and the carboxyl groups of guluronic acid coordinately bind with Ca2+ ions to form an egg-box-like structure, as shown in Figure 1 [6]
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