Abstract
Bone scaffolds require both good bioactivity and mechanical properties to keep shape and promote bone repair. In this work, T-ZnOw enhanced biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) scaffolds with triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS)-based double-layer porous structure were fabricated by digital light processing (DLP) with high precision. Property of suspension was first discussed to obtain better printing quality. After sintering, T-ZnOw reacts with β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) to form Ca19Zn2(PO4)14, and inhibits the phase transition to α-TCP. With the content of T-ZnOw increasing from 0 to 2 wt%, the flexural strength increases from 40.9 to 68.5 MPa because the four-needle whiskers can disperse stress, and have the effect of pulling out as well as fracture toughening. However, excessive whiskers will reduce the cure depth, and cause more printing defects, thus reducing the mechanical strength. Besides, T-ZnOw accelerates the deposition of apatite, and the sample with 2 wt% T-ZnOw shows the fastest mineralization rate. The good biocompatibility has been proved by cell proliferation test. Results confirmed that doping T-ZnOw can improve the mechanical strength of BCP scaffolds, and keep good biological property, which provides a new strategy for better bone repair.
Highlights
Bone defects have been a serious problem, which threaten www.springer.com/journal/40145J Adv Ceram 2022, 11(4): 570–581Ca/P ceramic is one of the most promising material for bone scaffold because of its similar element component to natural bone [6]
Tetrapod-like zinc oxide whisker (T-ZnOw) is the only one of whiskers that has a spatial structure: Four needles of it stretch to different directions, offering an isotropic performance and helping to improve mechanical properties [18–21]
When the content of T-ZnOw keeps increasing, aggregation happens between whiskers [22], which reduce the dispersion effect, and increase the viscosity as well as the area of thixotropic loop
Summary
Ca/P ceramic is one of the most promising material for bone scaffold because of its similar element component to natural bone [6]. Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH), HA) and -tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4), β-TCP) have been widely used in bone scaffold, and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP), the mixture of them, has a suitable degradation rate and mechanical properties [7–10]. The bioactivity and strength of BCP ceramic still need to be enhanced. Some people tried to improve the bone repair ability and strength of ceramic by adding ions such as Fe [11,12], Ag [13,14], Zr [15], Zn, and so on. Zn is one of the essential trace elements in the human body. The addition of T-ZnOw is hopeful to enhance the strength and bone repair ability of composite bioceramics
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