Preparation and characterization of polypyrrole–silica colloidal nanocomposites in water–methanol mixtures

Abstract

The effect of methanol cosolvent on the synthesis of polypyrrole–silica colloidal nanocomposites using ultrafine silica sols in combination with both FeCl 3 and APS oxidants has been investigated. Two protocols were evaluated: the addition of methanol to an aqueous silica sol and the addition of water to a methanolic silica sol. The latter protocol proved to be more robust, since it allowed colloidally stable dispersions to be prepared at higher methanol content (up to 50 vol% using the APS oxidant). This allowed greater control over the particle size of the nanocomposite particles. In general, the spectroscopic data, the particle size range, silica contents and electrical conductivities of these nanocomposites were similar to those reported earlier for purely aqueous formulations. Polypyrrole contents ranged from 49 to 71% by mass and particle diameters varied from around 160 to 360 nm. In terms of colloid stability, the APS oxidant was preferred for nanocomposite syntheses in the presence of methanol. However, the FeCl 3 oxidant generally gave higher conductivities and narrower size distributions under comparable conditions. HF etching experiments combined with transmission electron microscopy studies indicated that, to a first approximation, these nanocomposite particles had core–shell morphologies, with a hydrophobic polypyrrole core and a hydrophilic silica shell that compose approximately one monolayer of silica sol particles. Finally, aqueous electrophoresis measurements suggested that the polypyrrole–silica nanocomposites were silica-rich and that the methanolic silica sol was more hydrophobic (lower surface charge density) than the aqueous silica sol.