Abstract
The purpose of the study was to effectively treat algae bloomed water while using a Ti-based coagulant (TiCl4) and recover photoactive novel anatase TiO2 from the flocculated sludge. Conventional jar tests were conducted in order to evaluate the coagulation efficiency, and TiCl4 was found superior compared to commercially available poly aluminum chloride (PAC). At a dose of 0.3 g Ti/L, the removal rate of turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total phosphorus (TP) were measured as 99.8%, 66.7%, and 96.9%, respectively. Besides, TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were recovered from the flocculated sludge and scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the presence of only anatase phase. The recovered TiO2 was found to be effective in removing gaseous CH3CHO and NOx under UV-A lamp at a light intensity of 10 W/m2. Additionally, the TiO2 mixed mortar blocks that were prepared in this study successfully removed atmospheric nitrogen oxide (NOx) under UV irradiance. This study is one of the first to prepare anatase TiO2 from flocculated algal sludge and it showed promising results. Further research on this novel TiO2 concerning internal chemical bonds and shift in the absorbance spectrum could explore several practical implications.
Highlights
Surface water is one of the primary sources of natural water resources for fulfilling a prominent portion of diverse water demands around the world
Algae enriched water could facilitate the generation of various algal organic matter (AOM), which might include both extracellular organic matters (EOM) and intercellular organic matters (IOM) [3]
The coagulant doses were varied from 0.1 and coagulation efficiency was measured based on turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Summary
Surface water is one of the primary sources of natural water resources for fulfilling a prominent portion of diverse water demands around the world. Algae enriched water could facilitate the generation of various algal organic matter (AOM), which might include both extracellular organic matters (EOM) and intercellular organic matters (IOM) [3]. EOMs and IOMs, can cause the development of disinfection by-products (DBPs), toxins (e.g., hepatoxins and neurotoxins), and unpleasant tastes and odors in surface water, resulting in the significant deterioration of water quality [4,5]. Conventional treatment facilities face plenty of convoluted difficulties, while treating algae-induced water, (e.g., requirement of higher coagulant dose, clogging of filter media, the formation of DBPs from cell lysis, and microbial regrowth in the effluent side of the distribution system) [8,9]
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