Abstract
A revised water-assisted synthesis system (RWAS) was used to fabricate carbon/water nanofluids (CWNFs). The CWNFs were manufactured by heating graphite rods at different temperatures (700, 800, 900, and 1000°C). Aspects of the CWNFs and suspended nanocarbon, such as the morphology, structure, optical characteristics, and production rate, were fully characterized. Furthermore, the suspension performance of the CWNFs was controlled by adding a dispersant (water-soluble chitosan) at different concentrations. Finally, the CWNFs were determined to assess the influence of both the heating temperature of the graphite rod module (process temperature) and the dispersant concentration on the fundamental characteristics of the CWNFs. The results showed that the nanocarbon was a mixture of nanocrystalline graphite and amorphous carbon. Heating the graphite rod module at higher process temperatures resulted in a higher production rate and a greater nanocarbon particle size. Furthermore, adding dispersant could improve the suspension performance; increase the viscosity, density, and specific heat; and reduce the thermal conductivity of the CWNFs. The optimal combination of the process temperature range and dispersant concentration was 800 to 900°C and 0.2 wt.%, respectively, based on the production rate, suspension performance, and other fundamental properties of the CWNFs.
Highlights
Nanoscale materials are added to working fluids to form stable suspensions called “nanofluids” [1]
The carbon/water nanofluids (CWNFs) were manufactured by heating graphite rods at different temperatures
The results show that the concentration of the CWNFs increased as the process temperature increased
Summary
Nanoscale materials are added to working fluids to form stable suspensions called “nanofluids” [1]. Numerous in-depth studies of nanofluids have addressed manufacturing methods, fundamental characteristics, heat transfer performance, transportation behavior, and the practical application of existing equipment to improve efficiency. Current uses of nanofluids include vehicle cooling systems, heat recovery systems, refrigeration and air conditioning systems, and solar collectors [22,23,24,25,26,27] Because of their excellent fundamental characteristics, nanofluids are used to improve the system performance and efficiency of equipment. In two-step synthesis methods, the nanoparticles are first produced and dispersed in a base liquid to form the nanofluid. Two-step synthesis methods are simpler than one-step synthesis methods because the nanoparticles may be either self-made or purchased and added to a base liquid to form nanofluids. The morphology, structure, particle size, suspension performance, production rate, and other fundamental properties were determined
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