Abstract
BackgroundSome longitudinal studies have shown that blood pressure tracks from adolescence to adulthood, yet there is limited evidence regarding the predictive factors of adulthood hypertension during adolescence. This study was conducted within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) to investigate the role of some factors in adolescence, measured in the first examination (1999–2001), to predict adulthood hypertension in the 4th examination (2009–2011).MethodsOverall, 1579 subjects, aged 10–19 years, were used for the analysis of the current study. Mean age (SD) of participants at the baseline was 14.2 (2.5) years and 55% of them were female. A forward stepwise approach (p-value <0.2 for enter and >0.05 for removal) was considered to keep significant covariates among common variables including gender, body mass index, waist circumference, wrist and hip circumferences, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol (TC), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Variance inflation factor (VIF) showed some multicollinearity for anthropometric variables (VIFs between 3.5 and 10). Multivariable logistic regression revealed that gender, blood pressure, wrist circumference and total cholesterol in adolescents are important predictors for adulthood hypertension.ResultsThe risk increased by 4% and 39% per each 10 mmHg and 1 mmol/L increase in SBP/DBP and TC, respectively; additionally, females had a 70% lower risk. Among anthropometric variables, wrist circumference remained in the model, with 50% per centimeter increase in the risk of hypertension.ConclusionsWrist circumferences and TC had significant roles in predicting hypertension through adolescence to adulthood.
Highlights
Some longitudinal studies have shown that blood pressure tracks from adolescence to adulthood, yet there is limited evidence regarding the predictive factors of adulthood hypertension during adolescence
Since the predicting factors of adulthood hypertension during adolescent ages are inconclusive and have not clearly defined, in the present study we evaluated the effects of adolescent anthropometric indices including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), wrist and hip circumferences along with some cardio metabolic risk factors during these ages, including fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), on the development of adult hypertension
In the Bogalusa and CDAH [9] cohorts, an association was observed between BMI in childhood and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels; in all of these large studies there was a significant correlation between hypertension and triglyceride levels
Summary
Some longitudinal studies have shown that blood pressure tracks from adolescence to adulthood, yet there is limited evidence regarding the predictive factors of adulthood hypertension during adolescence. The associations between blood pressure in early adulthood with childhood overweight and obesity, family history of hypertension, low socioeconomic status of parent and childhood blood pressure levels have been illustrated in different studies [5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. Since the predicting factors of adulthood hypertension during adolescent ages are inconclusive and have not clearly defined, in the present study we evaluated the effects of adolescent anthropometric indices including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), wrist and hip circumferences along with some cardio metabolic risk factors during these ages, including fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), on the development of adult hypertension
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