Abstract
In this paper, a model-based predictive control method is proposed for utilization of flexible resources such as battery energy storage systems and heating systems effectively to provide demand response in low-voltage distribution networks with solar photovoltaic. The contributions of this paper are twofold. First, a linear power flow method based on relaxation of branch power losses applicable to radial distribution networks is proposed and formulated. Second, a flexible resources controller that solves a multi-objective linear optimization problem in receding-horizon fashion is formulated taking into account system states, forecasts of generation, and loads. Using the proposed control algorithm, flexibility from network resources can be utilized for low-voltage network management with assurance of quality of service to the customers. Simulations are conducted for summer and winter cases on a simplified Danish low-voltage network using Matlab/Simulink to study the performance of the proposed control method. Compared to the methods in state of the art, the proposed linear power flow method is proven to be accurate for the calculation of network power flows. Simulation results also show that proposed flexible resources controller can meet the network control objectives while satisfying the network constraints and operation limits of the flexible resources.
Highlights
T HE modern power distribution system is undergoing a phenomenal change due to green energy resources and active loads with flexible power consumption being integrated to the medium-voltage (MV) and low-voltage (LV) active distribution networks (ADN) [1]
Similar to Case 3, the the heat pumps (HP) are operated using a hysteresis control based on the room temperature bounds and the battery energy storage systems (BESS) is operated based on the proposed flexible resources control (FRC)
From Case 5, it can be seen that proposed control can enable optimal operation of BESS and HP to track the reference aggregated power while satisfying the customer comforts and device constraints during winter. In both Case 2 and 5, the results show that the BESS and HP are operated to consume power during off peak hours when the electricity prices are cheap and discharge of power from BESS/less power consumption by HP when the electricity prices are high resulting in economic operation of the LV network
Summary
T HE modern power distribution system is undergoing a phenomenal change due to green energy resources and active loads with flexible power consumption being integrated to the medium-voltage (MV) and low-voltage (LV) active distribution networks (ADN) [1]. In this paper a multi-objective model predictive control (MPC) method is proposed for utilizing the flexibility from BESS and HP in LV distribution networks. The proposed control method will be helpful to harness the available solar power and facilitate the customers with flexible resources in the LV network to participate in demand response. Over a receding time horizon, the proposed flexible resources control (FRC) computes power setpoints for all the flexible resources, taking into account key factors including (i) price signals from the electricity market [16], (ii) predictions of PV generation and loads, and (iii) the slow dynamics and/or capacity constraints of residential HP and BESS, and using network state estimates from an observability module (state estimator). Simulation studies conducted on a Danish LV network using the proposed control are presented in Section V, and Section VI concludes the paper
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