Abstract
There is an increasing interest in new renewable energy sources for achieving net zero emissions. Consequently, the construction industry has mandated zero-energy building certification (ZEB), through the usage of new renewable energy. However, because of the variations in the energy self-sufficiency rate (ESR) among the new renewable energy types, incorrect ESR prediction at the design stage may lead to problems. Hence, in this study, the ESR and construction cost are analyzed for each new renewable energy capacity to predict the ESR of photovoltaic (PV), building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV), geothermal, and fuel cell systems. Passive and active technology elements of the ZEB cases in Korea are analyzed, and by establishing a standard model with the average value of each case, the ESR is calculated for each new renewable energy capacity, and the calculation formulas are derived. The results indicate that for the PV and BIPV systems, the rate of ESR increases with the capacity (kWp) and is constant at 0.54% and 0.34%, respectively. However, for the geothermal system and fuel cells, the average ESR is 0.016% and 1.46%, respectively, but as the rate of ESR increase with the capacity (kW) gradually decreases, the calculation formulas are derived with a log graph.
Highlights
According to “The Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 ◦ C” by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in October 2018, in order to maintain the increase in the global average temperature within 1.5 ◦ C, carbon dioxide emissions need be reduced by 2030 by at least 45% compared to 2010, and “net zero”, which indicates a net-zero carbon emission state, should be achieved across the globe by 2050 [1,2]
In the United States, it refers to an energy neutral building that supplies as much energy as it consumes from the renewable energy grid
Verification of the energy selfsufficiency rate (ESR) Formulas and Economic Analysis Based on zero-energy building certification (ZEB) Cases
Summary
According to “The Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 ◦ C” by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in October 2018, in order to maintain the increase in the global average temperature within 1.5 ◦ C, carbon dioxide emissions need be reduced by 2030 by at least 45% compared to 2010, and “net zero”, which indicates a net-zero carbon emission state, should be achieved across the globe by 2050 [1,2]. Six countries in Europe, including Sweden (2017), the United Kingdom (2019), Denmark (2019), France (2020), and Hungary (2020), have already passed net zero legislation, the European Union (EU) has committed to the establishment of Europe as the first climate-neutral continent by 2050 (2019) [3,4]. The United States has rejoined the Paris Agreement (2021) and committed to achieving net zero by 2050 [5,6]. In the United States, it refers to an energy neutral building that supplies as much energy as it consumes from the renewable energy grid (i.e., a building in which the much energy as it consumes from the renewable energy grid (i.e., a building in which the annual energy consumption and energy generation are the same) [13,19].
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
