Abstract
Underground caving can potentially lead to large-scale surface destruction. To test the safety conditions of the surface construction projects near the circular surface subsidence zone in the Hemushan Iron Mine, this paper proposes an analytical model to analyze the stability of the cylindrical caved space by employing the long-term strength of the surrounding rock mass, the in situ stress, and the impact of caved materials as inputs. The proposed model is valid for predicting the orientation and depth where rock failure occurs and for calculating the maximum depth of the undercut, above which the surrounding rock mass of the caved space can remain stable for a long duration of time. The prediction for the Hemushan Iron Mine from the proposed model reveals that the construction projects can maintain safe working conditions, and such prediction is also demonstrated by the records from Google Earth satellite images. This means that the proposed model is valid for conducting such analysis. Additionally, to prevent rock failure above the free surface of caved materials, backfilling the subsidence zone with waste rocks is suggested, and such a measure is implemented in the Hemushan Iron Mine. The monitoring results show that this measure contributes to protecting the surrounding wall of the caved space from large-scale slip failure. The contribution of this work not only provides a robust analytical model for predicting the stability of rock around a cylindrical caved space but also introduces employable measures for mitigating the subsequent extension of surface subsidence after vertical caving.
Highlights
Surface subsidence due to underground mining is commonly observed in caving-based construction projects (Figure 1), the shape of which is composed of long or circular shape generally. e associated surface destruction endangers construction near the subsidence zone [1, 2].To predict the surface subsidence due to underground caving, numerous methods have been proposed, such as empirical models, analytical solutions [3, 4], and numerical simulations [5,6,7]
Laubscher [8] proposed an empirical model to predict the angle of break based on the mining rock mass rating (MRMR), depth of the mined block, minimum and maximum span of the undercut, and density and height of the caved material (Figure 2). is model is commonly utilized to conduct preliminary estimations, but further corrections are still required for the analysis of rock failure mechanisms
Rock failure mechanisms involved in surface subsidence due to underground caving include vertical caving of the overburdened rocks, progressive caving of the surrounding rocks, and toppling of steeply dipping rock strata [9]. ese rock failures can be divided into the following steps [10]: (1) overburdened rocks vertically cave into the void formed after ore excavation; (2) tension cracks appear on the surface marking the new boundary of the subsidence zone; (3) the fractured rocks move downwards on the steeply inclined shear failure surface; and (4) new tension cracks and shear surfaces form expansion of the subsidence zone
Summary
Prediction of Surface Subsidence Extension due to Underground Caving: A Case Study of Hemushan Iron Mine in China. To test the safety conditions of the surface construction projects near the circular surface subsidence zone in the Hemushan Iron Mine, this paper proposes an analytical model to analyze the stability of the cylindrical caved space by employing the long-term strength of the surrounding rock mass, the in situ stress, and the impact of caved materials as inputs. E proposed model is valid for predicting the orientation and depth where rock failure occurs and for calculating the maximum depth of the undercut, above which the surrounding rock mass of the caved space can remain stable for a long duration of time. E contribution of this work provides a robust analytical model for predicting the stability of rock around a cylindrical caved space and introduces employable measures for mitigating the subsequent extension of surface subsidence after vertical caving E monitoring results show that this measure contributes to protecting the surrounding wall of the caved space from large-scale slip failure. e contribution of this work provides a robust analytical model for predicting the stability of rock around a cylindrical caved space and introduces employable measures for mitigating the subsequent extension of surface subsidence after vertical caving
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