Prediction of no increase in myopia in rural students with low educational facilities compared to urban areas during the covid-19 epidemic in Iran

<p class="AbstractText">The objectives of this research are to find out (1) the motivation of the rural and urban students (2) the types of motivation influence the rural and urban students (3) the factors influence the motivation of the rural and urban students (4) the effective ways to foster the motivation of the rural and urban students. This research employed descriptive qualitative research design. The subject of this research is the ninth grade students of MTs Muhammadiyah Lempangang as urban students and the ninth grade students of MTs N 4 Bulukumba as rural students. The number of participants is 20 students. The result of research showed that (1) all of the informants of MTs N 4 Bulukumba as a rural area are motivated in Learning EFL. It is similar with the informants of MTs Muhammadiyah Lempangang as an urban area. They are also motivated. Both of areas are different in the level of motivation(2)the types of motivation dominantly influence in the rural students are both of integrative and instrumental motivation whereas in the urban students are instrumental motivation(3)the similarity between both of students area either internal or external factors are the expectancy, the teachers and the activities and materials whereas the difference from both of them are the relevance, the goal setting and the school environment(4)the effective ways to foster the motivation of the rural students in learning EFL is the teacher always trains the pronunciation of the vocabulary whereas the urban students is the teacher should have more practice activity in learning and teaching process.</p>

Objective To explore the relationships between the sleep quality and the relevant factors of senior high school students from urban and rural.Methods By cluster sampling,a total of 1407 students from one urban senior high school in Jinan and one rural senior high school in Qufu were investigated using self-rating depression scale(SDS),self-rating anxiety scale(SAS).The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI).The basic information and related factors were also recorded.All the data were inputted into the SPSS database and then analyzed.Results A total 1383 senor high students completed the investigation.Among them 685(49.5%)students were from the urban high school,and 698(50.5%)from rural high school.The detection rate of sleep disorders in high school students was 14.61%in total.and 14.01%in urban students and 15.19%in rural students respectively:The total score of PSQl was 4.21±3.02,and the urban students 3.87±3.12 and the rural students 4.55±2.89,with a significant deference between the two area students(P＜0.01).The total SCOre of PSQl was significant related to anxiety and depression(P＜0.01),negatively related to the students'academic record(P＜0.01).The family factors to effect sleep quality of urban senor high students were parentel health condition,father-child relationship,mother-child relationship,parental relations,consistency style of upbringing,family learning environment and atmosphere around the family,et al(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).The main factors for rural students were father health condition,parental relationship,family learning environment,atmosphere around the family and the family economic states(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).The school factors to effect sleep quality of high school students from urban area were study plan,assignment performance,learning time,teacher-student relationship and school environment(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).For students rural were study plan,learning burden,assignment performance,learning time,classmate relationship,teacher-student relationship and school environment(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Conclusion The detection rates of sleep disorder are high in senior high students.The detection rate of sleep disorder is higher in rural students than in urban students.The factors to effect sleep quality include anxiety and depression,the students'academic record,family factors,and school-related factors.The influence factors have some difierent between the urban and rural students. Key words: Senior high students; Sleep quality; Related factors; Comparative study

<p>本研究旨在探討國小六年級不同性別的城鄉學童在比與比值單元中的解題表現，透過對整體和不同向度的解題表現進行分析，以瞭解城鄉和性別之間的差異。研究選擇以紙筆測驗方式收集量化資料，樣本包括臺南市城市地區的5個班級共125位學童以及鄉村地區的8個班級共112位學童。研究使用研究者自編的「比與比值成就測驗」進行施測，並運用統計分析工具SPSS 21.0進行描述性統計、t檢定、二因子變異數分析，進一步分析城鄉和不同性別的解題表現及交互作用。</p> <p> </p><p>The purpose of this study was to explore the problem-solving performance of sixth-grade elementary school students from urban and rural areas and students of different genders in the unit of ratio and proportion, analyzed gender difference and disparity of urban and rural from the entirety and different dimensions of problem-solving performance in this unit. This study adopted paper-and-pencil tests to collect quantitative data. The sample consisted of 125 students from five classes in urban elementary schools in Tainan City and 112 students from eight classes in rural elementary schools in Tainan City. The students were tested by the researcher’s self-edited ""Ratio and Proportion Achievement Test."", and analyzed descriptive statistics, t-test, and two-way ANOVA by statistical software SPSS21.0. Subsequently, analyzed the interaction between urban and rural areas and different genders. The research results are as follows: 1.There was a statistical significance in the performance of urban and rural students from the entirety and the irreducible ratio dimension, but there was no statistical significance in the performance of urban and rural students from the definition of ratio, the definition of proportion, the equivalent ratio ,and the application of the ratio dimensions. 2.There was no statistical significance in the performance of students of different genders from the entirety and different dimensions. 3.There was no significant interaction between students of urban and rural areas and different genders from the entirety and different dimensions performance.vibration and skidding, etc. If the tire is abnormal, if the driver is negligent, it will cause serious harm. Therefore, we design a set of smart tire system, through the measurement of inertial sensing information during tire operation, including: three-axis acceleration, angular velocity, absolute direction, combined with the identification technology of AI algorithm, dynamically detect abnormal tire conditions, and Realize the design of the following IoT platform components: 1. The hardware device installed on the wheel frame can detect abnormal values during tire travel. 2. It has real-time monitoring and abnormal reminders, maintenance suggestions, and a discussion platform for riders, etc. Functional mobile phone application, 3. Based on deep learning neural network technology to identify various tire abnormalities, 4. Establish a cross-platform smart tire web interface for professional fleets to manage parking lots. According to the experimental test results, the AI interpretation accuracy rate of this system is as high as 99.17%.</p> <p> </p>

Ease of access to substances has been shown to have a direct and significant relationship with substance use for school-aged children. Previous research involving rural samples of middle and high school students reveals that perceived ease of access to substances is a significant predictor of recent use among rural adolescents; however, it is unclear if perceived access to substances varies between rural and urban areas. The purpose of the present study was to examine rural-urban differences in perceived ease of access to alcohol, smoking and chewing tobacco, marijuana, and seven other substances in the US state of Georgia in order to better inform and promote future substance use prevention and programming efforts in rural areas. Data were analyzed from the 2013 Georgia Student Health Survey II, administered in all public and interested private/charter schools in the state of Georgia. A total of 513 909 students (18.2% rural) indicated their perceived ease of access to 11 substances on a four-point Likert-type scale. Rural-urban differences were investigated using χ2 analysis. In general, it appeared the rural-urban differences fell along legal/illicit lines. For middle school students, a significant difference in perceived ease of access was found for each substance, with rural students reporting greater access to smoking tobacco, chewing tobacco, and steroids, and urban students reporting greater access to alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, inhalants, ecstasy, methamphetamine, hallucinogens, and prescription drugs. Rural high school students reported higher access to alcohol, smoking tobacco, chewing tobacco, and steroids, with urban students reporting higher access to marijuana, cocaine, inhalants, ecstasy, and hallucinogens. Perceptions of ease of access more than doubled for each substance in both geographies between middle and high school. The present study found multiple and fairly consistent differences between rural and urban students' perceived ease of access to a variety of substances, with rural students reporting higher levels of access to legal substances and urban students reporting higher levels of access predominantly to illicit substances. Most troubling were the high levels of perceived access to substances, particularly among high school students. Even within rural students who reported lower ease of access, more than half of students reported having at least somewhat easy access to marijuana. More than 60% of both rural and urban high school students reported easy access to alcohol. Future research should investigate ways to decrease the perceptions of access to substances in order to prevent use and abuse.

The study aimed to examine the factors affecting the spoken competency of rural and urban students in Bhutanese Middle Secondary schools. The study employed a convergent mixed method design with the data collection tools of classroom observations, student survey questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews with teachers and students. Five English teachers (3 Males, 2 Females) and 243 students (114 Males, 129 Females) from both rural and urban areas participated in the study. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive (mean and standard deviation) analysis by means of a statistical package for social science (SPSS) and the qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The results indicated that the spoken competency of rural and urban students is affected by factors both inside and outside of the school. Language teachers, other subject teachers, non-teaching staff such as librarians, peer influence, teaching strategy, and student attitude are the factors. Furthermore, findings showed that there is no English-speaking environment and no strict policies in both rural and urban schools. If there are strict rules and policies with proper follow-up; there will be an improvement in English-spoken competency. The mean difference from quantitative findings displayed that rural students are not encouraged to speak English as much as urban students. The findings also confirm that both rural and urban students do not have adequate opportunities to speak English. Therefore, the findings recommend that despite the difference in family background, parents, as well as teachers, could motivate the students to speak English even outside the school. The finding also recommends that the school could develop substantial policies such as guidelines or language policies at school that will genuinely help students to develop their spoken competency. Moreover, the respective school teacherscreate a conducive environment so as to expose the students to the target language as the teacher is exemplary to create an English-speaking environment.

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study is to find out the involvement and behavior of students attending school in urban and rural areas in the management of plastic waste. Indicators of student behavior in waste management consist of the types of waste disposed of, students' willingness to dispose of plastic waste according to their grouping, as well as frequent disposal of plastic waste.
 Methodology: The research instrument used was a questionnaire and interview conducted in one school in urban areas and one school in rural areas. Subjects involved in the study were high school students in urban and rural areas of Solo.
 Main Findings: The results showed that there were enthusiastic differences between rural and urban students in the management of plastic waste; the common concern of urban students was 85%, while rural students were 73%. The research findings show that students who study in urban areas have higher plastic waste care behavior than students who study in rural areas.
 Applications of this study: The implications of the results of this study can be useful for further research, namely on the management and use of waste as recycling for both rural and urban students.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: There is no investigation on waste management, in both rural and urban schools. Considering waste is one of the main problems in the world today, so the results of investigations can be useful in reducing waste through education.

Background: Physical therapy (PT) is an emerging field in Pakistan. Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the level of satisfaction and attitude of medical students and nurses towards their clinical practice environment, but there are few studies on physical therapy students. Objective: To assess student satisfaction levels among rural and urban physical therapy students regarding their knowledge and clinical practice. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted with a sample size of 250 PT students of different medical colleges in Punjab through convenient sampling technique. Physical Therapy Student Attitudes Questionnaire (PSAQ) was used. After taking consent, data was collected and analyzed by SPSS version 26. Results: The study comprised of 250 participants, where the rural were 148 and urban were 102 with a mean age of 23.40±3.60 years. Results showed that there was neither a significant association (p-value=0.78) between gender and rural and urban students' satisfaction levels nor a significant association (p-value=0.43) between age and rural and urban students' satisfaction. The total mean score of rural and urban students was 87.91 and 89.83 respectively with a p- value = 0.39. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the overall satisfaction level of urban and rural students regarding their knowledge and clinical practice. Both genders and ages had no effect on students' satisfaction levels who belong to different residential areas nor did academic years of study and socioeconomic status affected the satisfaction level of students belonging to urban and rural areas.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of allergic disease among elementary school students in rural and urban areas. Methods: In this study, 1,513 elementary students (1,163 in urban areas, 350 in rural areas) were surveyed. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage of allergic symptoms and χ2 test was used to identify differences in the prevalence of allergic symptoms between urban and rural area students. The SAS program was used in the data analysis. Results: There were significant differences in the prevalence of allergic disease according to whether there was a family member with a prior history of allergy symptoms. 48.7% of surveyed students (49.4% in urban, 46.3% in rural) had allergic symptoms. Allergic rhinitis was the most frequent allergic symptom in both urban and rural students. Conclusion: These results suggest that there is a need to prevent and manage allergies among elementary students. The family history should be considered an important factor when a program for allergy prevention and management is developed. Interventions are needed in both areas, especially for students with allergic rhinitis.

Knowledge and health literacy related to human papillomavirus infection, cervical cancer, and cervical cancer screening among nursing students in rural and urban areas of Thailand.

Background: Dental caries is painful, expensive to treat and can harm nutrition and overall health. Good oral hygiene, regular utilization of dental health facilities, dietary habits and knowledge of determinants of dental caries play important role in the prevalence of dental caries among school children. Tooth loss, sequelae to untreated dental caries is higher among urban school children than their rural counterparts. Aim: To compare and determine the oral health status and investigate dental clinic attendance and knowledge of students in rural and urban secondary schools in Lagos on the aetiology of dental caries. Methods: Using stratified and proportionate to size sampling techniques, a random sample of 598 students aged 12-26years from rural and urban local government areas were examined for dental caries and gingivitis. Questionnaires were administered to elicit information on frequency of consumption of refined sugar, parents' educational status, knowledge of dental caries aetiology and dental clinic attendance. The decayed, missing and filled tooth index (DMFT) was measured according to the WHO caries diagnostic criteria for epidemiological studies and the clinical oral hygiene status measured with the gingival index (GI) of Loe and Silness, Plague index and the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between urban and rural students in caries experience in permanent teeth (mean DMFT = 0.26 in urban areas; 0.11 in rural areas), More of the parents of students in the urban schools are educated than those in rural schools. The decayed (D) and missing (M) components were higher in the rural area, indicating a high level of restorative treatment need among the students in rural area. The urban participants had better oral hygiene and the gingival index was higher among rural students. Dental clinic attendance was higher among the urban participants than the rural participants. Conclusion: The students in urban secondary schools had better oral health status and make use of dental facilities more than their rural counterparts. The knowledge of aetiology of dental caries is poor among both the rural and urban school students.

Problem:Rural medical students who attend urban medical schools experience urban disruption that may make it less likely that they will return to rural practice. Most prematriculation programs focus on academic preparation and are in urban areas, potentially adding to urban disruption. Most initial learning experiences concerning communication with patients are also in urban areas. Intervention: Fifty-nine rural preclinical students completed a 3-week summer rural prematriculation program from 2009 to 2014. The focus was on learning a holistic approach to interviewing patients and experiential learning based in a rural practice. Group reflection sessions focused on understanding health beliefs, psychosocial details of the patient's life, and the importance of the sense of place. Measures included student reports, program evaluations, and a pre- and post- 10-item opinion survey focused on the students' perceived importance of traditional biomedical and psychosocial knowledge. Context: The program was based at the Trover Campus, a regional clinical campus of the University of Louisville School of Medicine, in a town of 20,000 in the western Kentucky coalfields that is 150 miles from the main urban campus. Practice site assignments were in surrounding medically underserved towns in family medicine practices. Outcome: After the 3-week experience, students became comfortable with interviews concerning health habits using the Prochaska model of lifestyle modification and expressed an increased importance of some psychosocial factors and a corresponding decrease in importance of traditional biomedical factors in choosing treatment for an individual patient (significant results by Mann–Whitney, two-tailed, ranged U = 1136.0, p = .001 to U = 1377.5, p ≤ .05). Student reports showed that the students gained a new detailed understanding of rural practice. Students also expressed an appreciation for having developed a support network of fellow rural students with whom they would begin medical school on the urban campus. Lessons Learned: These results support the value of a summer prematriculation program for rural students based in a rural area. New appreciation for psychosocial patient factors, new skills in communication with patients, new understanding of the details of rural practice, and new relationships with other rural classmates were perceived as positive aspects of the program. Longer term measures of whether the program decreased urban disruption significantly will require continued tracking of the students until they make a practice choice 7 to 9 years later. Wider collaboration with other medical school rural programs is necessary to determine which aspects of rural-focused training are most effective.

The purpose of the study was to find out the role of parental attention on academic achievement of students of expatriate parents. The study particularly deals with the role of parental attention on academic achievement of rural and urban students separately. The sample for the study was collected from various schools of Malabar region in the state of Kerala. Sample consists of 600 secondary school students whose fathers are working abroad of which 300 are rural students and 300 are urban students. A self made tool was used to measure the parental attention and the score of annual examination was taken as the indicator of academic achievement. Mean standard deviation and t-test was used for analyzing data. Students were classified into three groups based on the parental attention they get; namely high attention group, average attention group and low attention group. A comparison of percentage of achievement was done further. The study revealed that there is a significant relation between the academic achievement and parental attention among the secondary school students of expatriate parents in urban area where as it revealed that there is no significant relation between the academic achievement and parental attention among the secondary school students of expatriate parents in rural area.

China is an urban and rural social model country. In the past three decades, the developing speed of rural areas has been much slower than urban areas, which may lead to the differences in dietary patterns. This study aimed to investigate the disparities of dietary structures from urban and rural children, and to analyze the effects of different dietary patterns on their adverse outcome. Among 1590 students, aged 11 years to 17 years, from primary and middle schools, a cross-sectional study was conducted. There were three dietary patterns recognized: Westernization structure, meat diet structure, and Western and Chinese structure. Compared with rural students, more urban students were in the highest categories of the whole dietary patterns (p < 0.001). Overweight/obesity and central adiposity were more prevailing among urban students, while rural students had a more prevailing risk of bone fracture (p < 0.05). Through the adjustment for all confounding factors, the Westernization structure could increase the risk of overweight/obesity and central adiposity, the meat structure could increase the risk of elevated blood pressure/hypertension, while the risk of low bone mineral quality could be reduced by the Chinese and Western structure. In conclusion, a rural-urban disparity in dietary patterns was found in our study, and different dietary patterns were associated with the risk of some adverse outcomes. Therefore, there were different prevalences of the adverse outcomes between rural and urban students.

This study critically investigated and analysed mathematical errors made by forty rural and urban Zimbabwe Ordinary Level students who wrote a test adopted from the ZIMSEC 2012 past examination paper (4008/1). Twenty students at a rural school in Shurugwi District and twenty students of similar characteristics (except for location or district) at an urban school in Gweru District were randomly sampled. Questions 1 and 7 (arithmetic and algebraic manipulations), 2 and 21 (psychomotor skills- measurement, shading, locus and geometric constructions) and 8 and 15 (word problems) were purposively sampled and students’ written and marked scripts were subjected to a critical analysis of errors. The errors were classified into eight categories proposed by Dufresne (2012) and these were error in knowledge, error in skill, error in concept, error in making connections, error in strategy effectiveness, error in convention, error in process and error in format. Mixed methods (QUAL-quan, content and interpretivist) analyses of errors made by the rural students and those made by the urban students were made. The study offers possible strategies that teachers in rural and urban areas can use to rectify students’ mathematical errors in the classroom situation and contributes to the body of knowledge on mathematical error analysis.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the prediction effect of future self-continuity (FSC) on health-promoting behaviors (Health Responsibility, Physical Activity, and Nutritional Habits) and the impact of urban-rural differences in Chinese college students, further verifying the effect of mental imagery practice on enhancing FSC and promoting health-promoting behaviors among students from rural areas. Study 1 used the Future Self-Continuity Questionnaire and a sub-scale of the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile-II to examine the relationship between FSC and health-promoting behaviors among 788 college students (430 from rural areas and others from urban areas). Study 2 was designed to examine the impact of intervention on FSC and health-promoting behaviors among Chinese rural students. The intervention activities lasting 4 wk. 162 freshmen were randomly divided into intervention or control groups to practice the mental imagery about the future self or meditation in the present once a week. FSC and health-promoting behaviors were tested for 3 times. The results demonstrated that: (1) Rural students had lower scores in FSC and health-promoting behaviors than urban students; (2) Urban-rural differences of students moderated the effect of FSC on health-promoting behaviors; (3) The mental imagery practiced increased FSC; and (4) FSC played a complete mediating role in the effect of condition (intervention or not) on health-promoting behaviors for rural college students. Overall, these findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between FSC and health-promoting behaviors, and suggest that mental imagery practice can increase Chinese rural college students’ health-promoting behaviors by enhancing their FSC.