Abstract
Abstract Groundwater trends affect the domestic, agricultural, and industrial prospects of a region. The study area is Bogura, a northern region of Bangladesh, located on the Pleistocene terrace of the Bengal Basin. The aquifer consists of medium-to-coarse sand, located at a depth of 4.66–42.68 m; groundwater is scarce during dry seasons. The water table (WT) time-series data for 2007–2019 were used for forecasting and characterizing present and future groundwater conditions using existing numerical simulations. The annual groundwater budget for discharge and storage was 2,772 and 2,442 Mm3, respectively. Thus, the annual scarcity of groundwater was 330.4 Mm3 (13.5%), excluding the surface water contribution of 10 Mm3 (0.4%). The present spacing of deep tube wells (DTWs) and shallow tube wells (STWs) was 744 and 372 m, respectively. Currently, the DTW spacing ranged 744–800 m; however, the STW spacing of 250–372 m is higher than the set distance. Hence, further installations of STWs were strictly disallowed for irrigation. WT declined by 1.0 m in the last 13 years, i.e., 0.07 m or 1.2% decline rate per annum, causing water scarcity in the region during the peak period in the dry season (June–February), thus affecting irrigation and limiting agricultural production.
Highlights
Groundwater is one of the leading sources of water in Bangladesh
Sandy soil remains in the water in the subsurface withdrawn using various lifting devices, such as hand tube wells (HTWs), shallow tube wells (STWs), and deep tube wells (DTWs), for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes
The water table (WT) increased in March–May but fell during the nine months of June–February
Summary
Groundwater is one of the leading sources of water in Bangladesh. Owing to the inadequate availability of surface water during dry seasons, it functions as a vital, innocuous, and reliable source of water for irrigation, domestic, and industrial purposes. The main sources of surface water in the study area are canals and the rivers of Nagar, Bengali, Ichamoti, Karatoa, Bhadrabati, Jamuna, and Tulshiganga. A part of the surface water is obtained from low lift pumps (LLPs); most of the canal and rivers cannot bring water during the rainy season because of the lack of mining in the study area but all over the country.
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