Abstract
Prediction models were developed to estimate the extent to which the metals Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were taken up by the fruits, the leaves, the stems, and the roots of the okra plant, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench., grown under greenhouse conditions in soil modified with a spectrum of sewage sludge concentrations: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g/kg. All the metals under investigation, apart from Cd, were more concentrated in the A. esculentus roots than in any other organ. Overall, the sum of the metal concentration (mg/kg) within the varying plant tissues can be ranked in the following order: roots (13,795.5) > leaves (1252.7) > fruits (489.3) > stems (469.6). For five of the metals (i.e., Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, and Pb), the BCF was <1; for the remaining four metals, the BCF was >1, (i.e., Cr, 1.074; Cu, 1.347; Ni, 1.576; and Zn, 1.031). The metal BCFs were negatively correlated with the pH of the soil and positively correlated with soil OM content. The above-ground tissues exhibited a TF < 1 for all metals, apart from Cd with respect to the leaves (2.003) and the fruits (2.489), and with the exception of Mn in relation to the leaves (1.149). Further positive associations were demonstrated for the concentrations of all the metals in each examined plant tissue and the corresponding soil metal concentration. The tissue uptakes of the nine metals were negatively correlated with soil pH, but positively associated with the OM content in the soil. The generated models showed high performance accuracy; students’ t-tests indicated that any differences between the measured and forecasted concentrations of the nine metals within the four tissue types of A. esculentus failed to reach significance. It can, therefore, be surmised that the prediction models described in the current research form a feasible method with which to determine the safety and risk to human health when cultivating the tested species in soils modified with sewage sludge.
Highlights
This article is an open access articleThe technical implications involved in the proper disposal of modern municipal wastes have made it essential to develop alternative waste management approaches that reduce the environmental impacts resulting from improper disposal [1]
The EC and the OM content were higher in the sewage sludge, 14 mS/cm and 65.0%, respectively
A. esculentus grown in sewage sludge-modified growing media
Summary
The technical implications involved in the proper disposal of modern municipal wastes have made it essential to develop alternative waste management approaches that reduce the environmental impacts resulting from improper disposal [1]. Metropolitan waste materials such as bio-solids (e.g., sewage sludge) contain high concentrations of key nutrients for crops including trace elements as well as micro and macro-nutrients. These distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons. Direct anthropogenic sources of metals affecting the environment are fertilizers, pesticides, mining, electroplating, industrial effluents, sewage sludge, and atmospheric deposition [7]
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