Precise surface structure control of inorganic solid and metal oxide nanoparticles through surface-initiated radical polymerization

Abstract

Surface-initiated radical polymerization was carried out in order to modify the surface of inorganic solid and metal oxide nanoparticles. Novel (inorganic nanoparticles/polymer) nanocomposites were prepared through a direct polymer grafting reaction from the surfaces of magnetite (Fe3O4) (d ¼ 10 and 25 nm) and titanium oxide (TiO2) (d ¼ 15 nm) nanoparticles. The initiator for nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization with a phosphoric acid group was chemisorbed onto the nanoparticles and gave controlled polystyrene (PS) and poly(3-vinylpyridine) (P3VP) graft layers on their surfaces. The PS- and P3VP-modified nanoparticles were finely dispersed in organic solvents, whereas protonated P3VP-modified magnetite nanoparticles were dispersed in aqueous phase. The fine dispersion of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix was confirmed by microscopic observation. In order to realize tribological control, atom transfer radical polymerization of (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl methacrylate was also carried out from an immobilized initiator on a flat silicon wafer, resulting in a high-density polymer brush that was subsequently converted to a hydrophilic polymer brush consisting of 2,3-dihyroxypropyl methacrylate units. The poly(2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate) brush-immobilized surface showed a low dynamic friction coefficient in water due to the highly stable hydrophilicity.