Abstract
The space segment of all the five satellite systems capable of providing precise position services, namely BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) (including BDS-3 and BDS-2), Global Positioning System (GPS), GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS), Galileo and Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), has almost been fully deployed at present, and the number of available satellites is approximately 136. Currently, the precise satellite orbit and clock products from the analysis centers European Space Agency (ESA), GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (GFZ) and Wuhan University (WHU) can support all five satellite systems. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the positioning performance of a five-system integrated precise point positioning (PPP) (i.e., GRECJ-PPP) using the precise products from different analysis centers under the current constellation status. It should be noted that this study only focuses on the long-term performance of PPP based on daily observations. The static GRECJ-PPP can provide a convergence time of 5.9–6.9/2.6–3.1/6.3–7.1 min and a positioning accuracy of 0.2–0.3/0.2–0.3/1.0–1.1 cm in east/north/up directions, respectively, while the corresponding kinematic statistics are 6.8–8.6/3.3–4.0/7.8–8.1 min and 1.0–1.1/0.8/2.5–2.6 cm in three directions, respectively. For completeness, although the real-time precise products from the analysis center Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) do not incorporate QZSS satellites, the performance of real-time PPP with the other four satellite systems (i.e., GREC-PPP) is also analyzed. The real-time GREC-PPP can achieve a static convergence time of 8.7/5.2/11.2 min, a static positioning accuracy of 0.6/0.8/1.3 cm, a kinematic convergence time of 11.5/6.9/13.0 min, and a kinematic positioning accuracy of 1.7/1.6/3.6 cm in the three directions, respectively. For comparison, the results of single-system and dual-system PPP are also provided. In addition, the consistency of the precise products from different analysis centers is characterized.
Highlights
Due to the simple data processing at a single station and the high-accuracy position determination, the precise point positioning (PPP) technology based on global navigation satellite system (GNSS) has been a research focus over the past two decades
Experiment (MGEX) analysis centers on multi-GNSS PPP performance, and the results showed that the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (GFZ) and Wuhan University (WHU)
As GNSS moves towards multi-system integration, the MGEX project [28], aiming at the continuous tracking, collection and analysis of all GNSS (GPS, GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS), Galileo, BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS))
Summary
Due to the simple data processing at a single station and the high-accuracy position determination, the precise point positioning (PPP) technology based on global navigation satellite system (GNSS) has been a research focus over the past two decades. The long-term PPP can provide centimeter-to-millimeter-level static position accuracies and decimeter-to-centimeter-level kinematic position accuracies after a processing time of several hours. The short-term PPP using high-rate observations can detect the wave motions (over a short period of time, such as a few minutes) at the millimeter level accuracy in the horizontal components and at the sub-centimeter level accuracy in the vertical component when taking the displacement waveforms derived from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) as the reference, but the collection of GNSS data in the static mode for tens of minutes is needed in advance
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