Abstract
Nowadays, the sensor community has become wireless, increasing their potential and applications. In particular, these emerging technologies are promising for vehicles’ communications (V2V) to dramatically reduce the number of fatal roadway accidents by providing early warnings. The ECMA-368 wireless communication standard has been developed and used in wireless sensor networks and it is also proposed to be used in vehicular networks. It adopts Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) technology to transmit data. However, the large power envelope fluctuation of OFDM signals limits the power efficiency of the High Power Amplifier (HPA) due to nonlinear distortion. This is especially important for mobile broadband wireless and sensors in vehicular networks. Many algorithms have been proposed for solving this drawback. However, complexity and implementations are usually an issue in real developments. In this paper, the implementation of a novel architecture based on multilayer perceptron artificial neural networks on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) chip is evaluated and some guidelines are drawn suitable for vehicular communications. The proposed implementation improves performance in terms of Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) reduction, distortion and Bit Error Rate (BER) with much lower complexity. Two different chips have been used, namely, Xilinx and Altera and a comparison is also provided. As a conclusion, the proposed implementation allows a minimal consumption of the resources jointly with a higher maximum frequency, higher performance and lower complexity.
Highlights
Ultra wideband (UWB) has been used for radar or sensing in vehicular communications that play an essential role into operational areas in Smart Cities [1,2]—in addition, in military communications and niche applications for its number of advantages that make it attractive for consumer communications applications [3]
The physical layer of ultra wideband using Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)) is described by ECMA-368 in Wireless personal area (WPAN) and is advised for vehicular networks
The physical layer of the ECMA-368 standard [19] has been used. It describes the physical layer of an Ultra Wideband (UWB) communication system intended for Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN), using a band of frequencies not subject to a license between
Summary
Ultra wideband (UWB) has been used for radar or sensing in vehicular communications that play an essential role into operational areas in Smart Cities [1,2]—in addition, in military communications and niche applications for its number of advantages that make it attractive for consumer communications applications (low cost, resistant to severe multipath and good time resolution) [3]. Array (FPGA), the novel devices are able to run complex algorithms and many improvements can be obtained The adoption of these circuits promises an easy adjustment of bandwidth, gain and rate, giving rise to more flexible radio systems. SDR architectures allow a wide range of design techniques to achieve fully flexible transmission/reception systems for future applications. This is especially interesting in vehicular communications because the community is still researching the best transmission scheme and standard. The novel system structure and implementation of advanced algorithms for PAPR reduction proposed in [11] is described and analyzed, and some conclusions and guidelines for similar designs are drawn from the optimization process. The sub index indicates if the signal is real part or imaginary part because NN can only operate with real-valued numbers and super index is used to specify the algorithm or model being used
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