Abstract
The cybersecurity of wind farms is an increasing concern in recent years, and its impacts on the power system reliability have not been fully studied. In this paper, the pressing issues of wind farms, including cybersecurity and wind power ramping events (WPRs) are incorporated into a new reliability evaluation approach. Cyber–physical failures like the instantaneous failure and longtime fatigue of wind turbines are considered in the reliability evaluation. The tripping attack is modeled in a bilevel optimal power flow model which aims to maximize the load shedding on the system’s vulnerable moment. The time-varying failure rate of wind turbine is approximated by Weibull distribution which incorporates the service time and remaining life of wind turbine. Various system defense capacities and penetration rates of wind power are simulated on the typical reliability test system. The comparative and sensitive analyses show that power system reliability is challenged by the cybersecurity of wind farms, especially when the installed capacity of wind power continues to rise. The timely patching of network vulnerabilities and the life management of wind turbines are important measures to ensure the cyber–physical security of wind farms.
Highlights
As the predominant source of renewable energy until 2017, global wind power capacity has expanded 11% to 539 GW [1]
The main contributions of this paper are as follows: (i) A stochastic attack–defense model is proposed to estimate the frequency of cyber-attacks. (ii) Two typical attack scenarios, including an imperfect attack, are modeled to assess the impact of cybersecurity in the wind farm. (iii) A wind power model that considers the ramping rate is proposed and incorporated into a composite power reliability evaluation
Based on the existing a period of time, the attackers are ready for documented vulnerabilities and available codes in the mean time-to-compromise (MTTC), a flexible cumulative distribution function (CDF) of attack time is developed for the reliability standard phase
Summary
As the predominant source of renewable energy until 2017, global wind power capacity has expanded 11% to 539 GW [1]. Most of them have not considered the impact of cyber-attacks on power grid reliability. The modeling of WPRs, especially the feature of ramping rate [19], should be fully considered to evaluate the operational adequacy of power systems. To address those problems, the main contributions of this paper are as follows: (i) A stochastic attack–defense model is proposed to estimate the frequency of cyber-attacks. (ii) Two typical attack scenarios, including an imperfect attack, are modeled to assess the impact of cybersecurity in the wind farm. (iii) A wind power model that considers the ramping rate is proposed and incorporated into a composite power reliability evaluation.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
