Abstract
In this study, the long-term operational performance of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems was analyzed in the Carbon Zero Building of the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) of South Korea, with a total area of 2449 m2. Three types of BIPV modules (glass to glass, glass to Tedlar/crystal, and amorphous) were installed in the building envelopes (roofs, walls, windows, atrium, and pergola) with a total capacity of 116.2 kWp. Over a five-year period, the average annual energy production was 855.6 kWh/kWp, the system loss ranged from 0.14 to 0.31 h/d, and the capture loss ranged from 0.21 to 1.81 h/d. The causes of capture losses were degradation of the power generation efficiency of the horizontal installation module due to the accumulation of dust and reduced energy production due to application of the same inverter for the crystal system module and amorphous module. As a result, the BIPV systems with an installation angle of 30° exhibited approximately 57% higher energy production than vertically (90°) installed systems under the same solar radiation. Moreover, horizontal (0°) BIPV systems exhibited up to 14% higher energy production than vertical BIPV systems.
Highlights
With growing concerns over global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels, countries are showing increasing interest in energy saving measures and the development of eco-friendly energy
Interest in zero energy buildings, which can significantly contribute to energy saving and greenhouse gas reduction, is rapidly rising, with many countries supporting building energy saving research, development, and policies led by the government
Nt, which is the efficiency of the module, represents the ratio of the actual energy production (AC) to the solar radiation irradiated onto the total area of the PV module, as shown in Equation (7)
Summary
With growing concerns over global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels, countries are showing increasing interest in energy saving measures and the development of eco-friendly energy. According to the report published by the Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction in 2017, the energy used in buildings and building construction accounts for 36% of the final energy consumption and 39% of greenhouse gas emissions [1]. Among the current commercial renewable energy technologies, photovoltaics, solar thermal power generation, bio-pellet cogeneration, fuel cells, and wind power generation are considered applicable to buildings. Among these technologies, systems directly applicable to non-residential buildings are very limited due to issues related to system reliability and safety, load response level, installation situations, and economic efficiency compared to performance [6].
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