Abstract
Powder X-ray diffraction is an essential partner to single-crystal X-ray diffraction because it is applied to a bulk solid rather than a selected single crystal. Powder diffraction can be viewed as a collection of simultaneous single-crystal measurements from a large number of crystals in all orientations. Averaging of the sample means that the diffracted beams are distributed around cones with half-angle 2θ, which appear as rings when measured on a 2-D detector. If the sample orientation is properly averaged, the diffracted intensity is spread uniformly around the rings so it is necessary only to scan along a radius to produce a representative plot of diffracted intensity vs. 2θ. Powder diffraction can be measured in transmission geometry, where the incident beam passes through the sample, or in reflection geometry, where the incident beam appears to be reflected from the surface of the sample. The relationship between a crystal structure and its powder diffraction pattern is described and some applications of powder diffraction for pharmaceutical solids are considered.
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