Abstract
We perform indoor and outdoor potential-induced degradation (PID) tests for n-type front-emitter (n-FE) crystalline Si (c-Si) photovoltaic (PV) modules and compare their results. The indoor/outdoor acceleration factor for the polarization-type PID (PID-p) of n-FE PV modules is found to be ∼1000 at an indoor test temperature of 85 °C. We observe the progression of the PID-p of n-FE PV modules in rainy days, while their performance is recovered in sunny days. This may be because of the formation of a water film on a module surface acting as a conductive film, resulting in a larger electric field near the n-FE cells in rainy days. The recovery of the PV performance of n-FE modules in sunny days can partly explain the large acceleration factor for the indoor PID test against the outdoor test. • We performed indoor and outdoor PID tests for n-FE PV modules. • n-FE PV modules show polarization-type PID (PID-p) both indoors and outdoors. • The acceleration factor for the PID-p is ∼1000 at an indoor test temperature of 85 °C. • We observe the recovery of PID-p for the outdoor modules in sunny days. • The recovery may be one of the reasons for the large acceleration factor.
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