Potential Visible-Light Driven PtO₂/GaN vdW Hetero-Bilayer Photocatalysts for Water Splitting Using First-Principles

Abstract

Novel two-dimensional (2D) PtO2/GaN van der Waals (vdW) hetero-bilayers (HBL) are studied here for photocatalytic water splitting (PWS) application under first-principles density functional theory (DFT). We proposed six HBLs due to the atomic orientational variations and two of them are found dynamically stable confirmed by phonon dispersion curves. The two stable HBLs, HBL1, and HBL6 also show negative binding energy depicted by the interlayer distance-dependent binding energy curves. Among them, HBL1 has the lowest binding energy, suggesting the exothermic practicability of the material. Electronically both materials show a visible ranged indirect bandgap of ~2.65 (2.69) eV for HBL 1 (HBL6), lowered by ~2 times compared to their intrinsic constituents (2D PtO2, 2D GaN). The bandgaps also have type-II band orientation, which is highly required for efficient spatial carrier separation in photocatalytic water splitting (PWS) applications. The optical properties of the HBLs were also calculated, and it’s found that the HBLs have $\sim 2\times 10 ^{5}{\mathrm {cm}}^{-1} $ of perovskite material-like absorption coefficient in the visible spectrum, a key requirement for efficient photocatalysis. Reflectivity is as low as ~7% in the visible spectrum, suggesting the low-loss nature of the materials. Photocatalytic band-edges with type-II band alignments show sufficient kinetic overpotential for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in both HBLs, suggesting effective water-splitting capacity. Moreover, we have explored the biaxial strain-induced tunability of the electronic bandgap, absorption coefficients, and photocatalytic band edges. They all found responsive due to homogeneous biaxial strain and show bandgap-lowering, absorption coefficient visible shifting, and band-edges tuning from compressive to tensile strains in the −6 % to +6% range. These studies suggest that the novel PtO2/GaN vdW layered material can be a probable efficient material for visible-light-driven photocatalytic water-splitting technology.