Abstract
The intensive electrification of the automotive sector means that the energy system must be able to adapt to the current market situation. The increase in energy demand is a major factor associated with electric vehicles. The study analyzed the operation of a grid-connected facility operating a vehicle fleet providing transport services in the region Halle/Saale, Germany. Measurement data were used in the analysis, including global positioning system data of the vehicles and technical data, including average fuel consumption on a given route section, daily load demand of the industrial facility, and energy generation from photovoltaics. This paper shows the impact of using a battery electric vehicles (BEVs) fleet in the load distribution for the industrial facility considered. The NEDC energy consumption profile for the Nissan e-NV200 were used in this study. Furthermore, the paper presented simulation results allowing one to determine the usage potential, energy demand, and consumption of EVs using real data, reliably representing the processes related to EV daily use. The measurement data were captured using available specialized equipment: Dako-Key (GPS data), PV power generation (Siemens 7KM PAC4200), and load (Janitza UMG 604-Pro) in September, 2018. On this basis, it is possible to identify the effects and variations in load on the power grid during the replacement of combustion vehicle fleets used currently by EVs for the provision of transport services. Three models were presented, making it possible to calculate changes in energy demand for each scenario. In the first model, EVs were charged exclusively from the distribution network. In the second, the energy generation from a renewable source was considered and the possibility of compensating the energy demand of the vehicles from this source was demonstrated. In the third model, the daily load profile and the period of maximum load in the electricity grid were considered. The results are presented in graphical and tabular form. Finally, the potential of using an EV fleet to increase the functionality of a modern industry object was determined and discussed. Based on data for the adopted scenarios, electrification of transport can increase demand for energy by 40.9% for individual enterprises. The electrification of the automotive sector will increase the instantaneous energy demand of businesses, forcing the integration of renewable energy sources during designing new invests.
Highlights
This article presented a comparative analysis of simulations related to the intensive use of an electric vehicles (EVs) fleet in an enterprise providing logistic services, where vehicles drive on similar and known routes
The work has focused on determining whether EVs can replace legacy technologies and provides a background for developing more complex analyses, including optimizing the vehicle charging process, the number of charging stations, maximizing profits and minimizing losses, optimizing consumption and local generation, and providing system services in terms of “grid services”
While internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles only serve transport purposes, EVs together with renewable sources and energy storage can effectively replace them and create sustainable solutions. This reduces the carbon footprint and is in line with the European Union’s regulations; Electric vehicles will drastically change companies’ electricity demand profiles, increase load shifting dynamics; Electric vehicles using energy from renewable energy sources (RES), reduce the power load in the grid; Renewable energy sources can be an additional source of income from the sale of surplus energy and allow to reduce the total energy consumption of the enterprise; These studies provide the background for modernizing old installations, equipping them with modern metering systems and planning energy consumption
Summary
Events is disorders occurring in the network in the form of uncontrolled load changes, the stochastic generation of energy from renewable energy sources (RES), and overloads in distribution lines resulting from outdated, radial network topology, the environment (lightning), and limited equipment reliability These factors cause the network to be treated as a nonlinear system, for which it is difficult to determine the optimal parameters of real-time operation. When modifying the grid structure and implementing new elements, the additional extended system and regional services should be developed/built, which are perhaps not yet technically necessary or implementable under the current regulatory framework, but should not be overlooked regarding the technical and economic analysis of system operation for future grid extensions Those services could increasingly be provided partially or totally by electromobility in the medium- and long-term
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