Abstract
Grid frequency support is one of the most challenging issues in wind rich islanded power systems. This problem becomes critical with the displacement of synchronous generators and their associated services (i.e., inertia and primary operating reserve). The services that are lost can be replaced by other sources, such as demand response schemes to enhance the resiliency and security of power system operations. Demand response based on internet data centers is expected to become an increasingly important asset to make a significant contribution to frequency ancillary services. To exploit this resource, internet service companies are expected to combine the capabilities of a variety of data centers to participate as a single provider similar to a virtual power plant. In this context, this work develops a novel framework for cooperative participation of data centers delay-tolerant workloads and backup power supply units to provide effective fast frequency response service. This is achieved by employing the model predictive controller to initiate reference signals to data center resources while respecting device operating conditions and constraints. Various case studies are run on the modified linear model of the 39 Bus system via dynamic simulations for the projected 75 % system non-synchronous penetration. Simulation results demonstrate the potential of different data center configurations to stabilize grid frequency during signal delays and severe cascade failures. The analysis shows that the proposed framework is critical to the adoption of renewable energy and reduces the requirement for an expensive spinning reserve used in a typical power system.
Highlights
Internet data centers (IDC) have emerged as major electricity con sumers that accounted for 2 % of the total global final electricity demand in 2019 and are expected to reach 8 % in 2030 [1]
The New England system is divided into three control areas with relevant loads, generators, and network data which can be found in Ref. [18]
The analysis suggests that to ensure the safe operation of synchronously isolated power systems with high wind penetration, it is essential for the FFR scheme to employ a very quick response, less than 200 ms, to maintain frequency nadir and rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) within permissible ranges
Summary
Internet data centers (IDC) have emerged as major electricity con sumers that accounted for 2 % of the total global final electricity demand in 2019 and are expected to reach 8 % in 2030 [1]. Data centers are anticipated to become a significant segment and major energy consumer of the Irish power system. The installed capacity of IDC infrastructure is anticipated to reach nearly 1100, 1400 MVA, and 1900 MVA in the low, median, and high demand forecast scenarios respectively [2]. Analysis by Ireland’s transmission system operators (TSOs) EirGrid and SONI shows that de mand for IDC in the median scenario will account for 29 % of the total system electricity demand by 2028, making IDC the fastest growing energy consumption subsector [2]. PmUPinS PFFR PuFFpR PdFFoRwn PmUPaSx ΔPUrePf Si EUPS (t) PmDRin PmDRax dp+/dt dp-/dt df/dt Δfi fDB,CPP fDB,FFR fo ρ
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