Abstract
Concrete is an important material used in all kind of building construction and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is one of an important element in the production of concrete. However, the production of cement causes a problem because of high CO 2 emission to atmosphere. The manufacture of 1 tonnes of cement would produce approximately released 1 tonnes of CO 2 . So, the need to search another material that can replace a cement with same properties and environmental friendly are crucial. The suitable material to replace cement has to be a pozzolanic materials. This is because pozzolanic materials has cementitious properties and high silica content. Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) are the material that suitable to replace cement because of high silica content. The use of POFA and SCBA in concrete has been studied by many researcher and it has been proved to improve the mechanical strength of the concrete either in normal concrete, high strength concrete or lightweight concrete. This paper would discuss the overview of the previous study on the cement replacement by POFA and SCBA and the potential of the both materials to be mix together to improve its properties. The chemical element which will be the focus point is SiO 4 , MgO, CaO and SO 3 , while the physical and mechanical properties such as workability, specific gravity, compressive strength and tensile strength will also be reviewed.
Highlights
Nowadays, the population of the world is concern about the cost of building materials that keep increasing from day to day
Magnesium Oxide (MgO) content in Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is quite high which is 3.00% to 4.52% and it range quite higher compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) which is just around 1.20% to 4.80%
Similar as POFA as pozzolanic materials, sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) has high content of silica (SiO2) which is in the range 59.90% to 84.1%
Summary
The population of the world is concern about the cost of building materials that keep increasing from day to day. Many researchers are interested to use an agricultural and industrial waste as a potential cement materials (CRM) due to amount of waste that keep generated through years [4, 5] These waste did not produce new CO2 to atmosphere where CO2 is only cycled in the atmosphere. Malaysia is one of the world’s largest producer and exporter of palm oil in the world where palm oil plantation covers 4.98 Mha of the land area with about 417 palm oil mills throughout the country These factors allow it to produce massive amount of palm oil by-product such as empty fruit bunch, oil palm shell and POFA. Sugarcane bagasse is a fibrous waste that left after extraction and crushing processes [7] For bagasse ash, it was a by-product that unused in sugar mill industries and can be used to replace a Portland cement due to its pozzolanic properties. Most of the bagasse ash is dumped in landfills and cause pollution and environmental problem [10]
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