Abstract
Occupational lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) exposure occurs during processing and casting of nonferrous metals such as zinc. In contrast to Pb and Cd, Ca is essential for living organisms due to its important role in a multitude of functions, from cell signaling to bone growth. Pb and Cd exposure affects calcium metabolism in various ways. The aim of this study was to investigate the blood levels of Pb, Cd, and Ca and the levels of selected oxidative stress biomarkers in workers exposed to Pb and Cd. Population groups included 264 male employees in a lead-zinc smelter. The study population was divided into two subgroups based on the median of Ca serum level (2.42 mmol/l): the low-Ca-level group (L-Ca group) and the high-Ca-level group (H-Ca group). Ca level was significantly higher in the H-Ca group than in the L-Ca group due to the study design (by 26%). The level of zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) was significantly higher in the L-Ca group than in the H-Ca group by 13%, while the blood lead levels (PbB) were similar in the examined groups. The level of cadmium (CdB) was significantly higher in the L-Ca group than in the H-Ca group by 33%. From oxidative stress markers in serum, only the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and ceruloplasmin (CER) were significantly higher in the L-Ca group than in the H-Ca group, by 12% and 4%, respectively. The correlation analysis showed negative correlations between Ca level and the levels of PbB, ZPP, CdB, and MDA. The presented results indicate that Ca level modulates the serum concentration of Cd and has an impact on Pb-induced impairment of heme synthesis. The higher Ca levels may lead to a decrease in the concentration of lipid peroxidation products. Moreover, serum calcium level seems to be able to modify the level of acute-phase proteins. Obtained results suggest that higher Ca level may be useful in reducing Cd level in occupationally exposed workers.
Highlights
Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), potent toxic heavy metals, are widespread environmental contaminants
Serum calcium level seems to be able to modify the level of acute-phase proteins
There were no significant differences in age, employment duration, height, weight, smoking habits, and chronic diseases between the low-calcium-level group (L-Ca group) and the high-calcium-level group (H-Ca group; Figure 1)
Summary
Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), potent toxic heavy metals, are widespread environmental contaminants. The common sources are diverse in nature and include natural and anthropogenic processes. The World Health Organization (WHO) has included these two toxic metals in the top 10 chemicals of major public health concern [1]. Pb exposure occurs during processing and casting of nonferrous metals such as zinc [2]. Pb and Cd are common contaminants in zinc-bearing ores, and overexposure to these metals may occur. Pb exposure and lead toxicity are a important problem in the construction industry. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OASA) estimates that nearly 1 million U.S construction workers are exposed to lead on the job.
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