Abstract
Breeding efforts to develop high iron and zinc potatoes require a fast and inexpensive technique to evaluate mineral concentrations in large numbers of samples. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of applying X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to estimate iron and zinc in freeze-dried and milled potato tuber samples. The calibration, and the external and independent validations showed high coefficients of determination, 0.93–0.96 for iron and 0.92–0.97 for zinc, and low standard errors, 1.10–1.44 mg/kg DW for iron and 0.91–1.06 mg/kg DW for zinc concentrations, indicating that iron and zinc can be estimated by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with high precision. The developed calibrations were applied to estimate iron and zinc concentrations of hundreds of biofortified potato clones from the International Potato Center’s breeding program, grown in 3 distinct locations of Peru. Twenty clones showing high iron concentration (above 32 mg/kg DW) and 13 clones with high concentration of zinc (above 25 mg/kg DW) were identified. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry provides a rapid, low cost and suitable tool for potato breeders, compared to inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for screening iron and zinc concentrations, especially when a high number of potato clones must be evaluated in a short time frame.
Highlights
Biofortification is the approach through which micronutrient-dense staple crops are developed to help reduce hidden hunger, the micronutrient deficiency in the diet due to the lack of essential vitamins and minerals
Biofortification is complementary to supplementation and fortification R that can contribute to diminish iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and vitamin deficiencies, having a positive C influence on human health
The E developed X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) calibration was used to estimate the Fe and Zn concentrations in biofortified T clones grown in 3 locations of Junín, Peru: 257 clones planted in La Victoria (3265 m.a.s.l.), in EP September 2012 and harvested in March 2013, 154 clones planted in Comas (3335 m.a.s.l.), in C March 2013 and harvested in September 2013, and 207 clones planted in Huancani (3800 AC m.a.s.l.), in November 2013 and harvested in June 2014
Summary
Biofortification is the approach through which micronutrient-dense staple crops are developed to help reduce hidden hunger, the micronutrient deficiency in the diet due to the lack of essential vitamins and minerals. Biofortification is complementary to supplementation and fortification R that can contribute to diminish iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and vitamin deficiencies, having a positive C influence on human health. It has the advantage of providing a feasible means of reaching S malnourished rural human populations, who have limited access to commercially marketed U fortified foods and supplements (Bouis et al, 2013) and do not consume significant amounts of AN animal food sources containing these micronutrients in significant concentrations. A screening of potato germplasm at CIP found concentrations of 11–30 C mg/kg dry weight (DW) of Fe and 8–25 mg/kg DW of Zn in landraces and improved cultivars, C and studies on genotype by environment interactions for Fe and Zn found significant effects, but Athese did not result in drastic changes of the relative ranking of genotypes (Burgos et al, 2007)
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