Poster #S98 AFFECTIVE PROSODY IN PSYCHOSIS: RECENT EVIDENCE AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Abstract

of cognitive difficulty (CD), and a meta-analysis on neuroimaging of time perception (TP). Methods: A search at ISI Web of Science was carried out up to December 2013 using the keywords “PET” and “fMRI” cross-referenced with “working memory OR executive functions OR controlled processes” and then with “schizophrenia”. Next, we performed a multimodal meta-analysis to combine the findings from the above-described SDM meta-analysis of studies comparing two levels of cognitive difficulty with the findings from another SDM meta-analysis time perception. Its search was based on the following keywords: PET, fMRI cross-referenced with time estimation, timing, OR time perception and then cross-referenced with “schizophrenia”. Methodological exclusion criteria were a) studies from which peak coordinates or parametric maps could not be retrieved from the published article or after contacting the authors; b) studies limiting their analyses to specific regions of interest (ROI); and c) studies in which different thresholds were used in different regions of the brain. Results: Our initial search returned several thousand neuroimaging papers in healthy population and schizophrenia. Subsequent application ofinclusion criteria reduced the number of neuroimaging studies. The final sample of task difficulty studies comprised 56 studies in healthy population and 31 in schizophrenia. Whereas the sample of time perception studies comprised 35 in healthy population and only three 3 in schizophrenia. The results of the multimodal meta-analysis in healthy population suggest a high degree of bilateral overlapping of cortical regions: specifically prefrontal and cingulate areas (mainly Brodmann area (BA) 6, but also BA 8, 9, 10, 24, 32, 44, 45, 46, 47), as well as parietal (BA 5,7,19, 39, 40) and temporal regions (BA 41, 13, and the claustrum).Certain brain regions traditionally associated with time perception, most notably the insula (BA 13) and the left putamen, were found to be activated not only by time perception tasks but also by an increase in the difficulty of non-temporal executive functions. The meta-analysis of both task difficulty and temporal perception studies with schizophrenia subjects showed, relative to healthy subjects, significantly lower activation in all overlapping frontal, parietal and temporal and subcortical regions Discussion: The study in thealthy population supports the hypothesis that there exists a group of brain regions engaged both in time perception tasks and during tasks requiring cognitive effort. The implication is that temporal perception and cognitive processes demanding cognitive control become interlinked when there is an increase in the level of cognitive effort demanded. Meta-analysis of schizophrenia neuroimaging studies show a dysfunctional implication of brain regions engaged in time perception and cognitive effort. Thus, a dysfunctional time estimation network may be linked with other critically impaired functions in schizophrenia