Possible jet contribution to the gamma-ray luminosity in NGC 1068

Abstract

NGC\,1068 is a nearby, widely studied Seyfert II galaxy presenting radio, infrared, X-ray, and gamma -ray emission, along with strong evidence for high-energy neutrino emission. Recently, the evidence for neutrino emission was explained in a multimessenger model, whereby the neutrinos originate from the corona of the active galactic nucleus (AGN). In this environment, gamma -rays are strongly absorbed, so that an additional contribution is necessar, for instance, from the circumnuclear starburst ring. In this work, we discuss whether the radio jet can be an alternative source of the gamma -rays between about $0.1$ and $100$ GeV, as observed by Fermi-LAT. In particular, we include both leptonic and hadronic processes, namely,\ accounting for inverse Compton emission and signatures from $pp$ as well as $p interactions. In order to constrain our calculations, we used VLBA and ALMA observations of the radio knot structures, which are spatially resolved at different distances from the supermassive black hole (SMBH). Our results show that the best leptonic scenario for the prediction of the Fermi-LAT data is provided by the radio knot closest to the central engine. For that to be the case, a magnetic field strength of $ mG $ is needed as well as a strong spectral softening of the relativistic electron distribution at $(1-10)\ GeV $. However, we show that neither such a weak magnetic field strength, nor such a strong softening is expected for that knot. A possible explanation for the sim 10 GeV gamma -rays could potentially be provided by hadronic pion production in case of a gas density $ cm $. Nonetheless, this process is not found to contribute significantly to the low-energy end of the Fermi-LAT range. We conclude that the emission sites in the jet are not sufficient to explain the gamma -rays across the whole Fermi-LAT energy band.