Abstract
Contrary to the historical data, several recent experiments indicate that the surface tension of supercooled water follows a smooth extrapolation of the IAPWS equation in the supercooled regime. It can be seen, however, that a small deviation from the IAPWS equation is present in the recent experimental measurements. It is shown with simulations using the WAIL water potential that the small deviation in the experimental data is consistent with the tail of an exponential growth in surface tension as temperature decreases. The emergence temperature, Te, of a substantial deviation from the IAPWS equation is shown to be 227 K for the WAIL water and 235 K for real water. Since the 227 K Te is close to the Widom line in WAIL water, we argue that real water at 235 K approaches a similar crossover line at one atmospheric pressure.
Highlights
The surface tension of supercooled water has been measured down to approximately −25 °C by two independent groups using three different experimental setups[1,2]
The error bar used by Hruby et al.[1,2] is shown as σHru and the standard error of the mean calculated assuming the five sets of measurements are independent is shown as σind
From 243 to 298 K, γ of WAIL water shows a good fit to the IAPWS equation, γ
Summary
The surface tension of supercooled water has been measured down to approximately −25 °C by two independent groups using three different experimental setups[1,2]. In order to capture such an exponential divergence, the surface tension of WAIL water from 243 to 298 K was fitted using the following equation, γ
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