Positive Thinking Impairs Subsequent Self-Regulation: Focusing on Defensive Pessimists and Optimists

Miki Terada,Mitsuhiro Ura

doi:10.5539/jedp.v5n2p28

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine effects of positive/negative thinking on the depletion of self-regulatory resources in defensive pessimists and optimists. A laboratory experiment was conducted individually with 90 university students to investigate whether defensive pessimists or optimists exhibited different effects for depletion of resources. Results showed that when participants were instructed to engage in tasks with external pressure and given negative feedback, defensive pessimists required lower levels of self-regulation than did optimists. When participants engaged in an autonomous task and were given positive feedback, this pattern was reversed. That is, even if defensive pessimists receive negative feedback, they prepare carefully for a variety of worst-case scenarios. Therefore it is not necessary for them to expend greater resources, whereas, for defensive pessimists positive thinking does require more use of resources. Future research should examine different effects of manipulation resulting in positive or negative thinking.

Highlights

IntroductionIs it true that positive thinking always leads to high performance and negative thinking always leads to low performance?
Is it true that positive thinking always leads to high performance and negative thinking always leads to low performance? In this paper we prove evidence to the contrary
We focus on self-regulation by defensive pessimists and optimists, and use the limited resources model to suggest differences in these mechanisms (Muraven & Baumeister, 2000)

Summary

Introduction

Is it true that positive thinking always leads to high performance and negative thinking always leads to low performance? In this paper we prove evidence to the contrary. Extensive research has suggested that positive thinking results in improved performance and positive images promote mental health and adaptation (e.g., Taylor & Brown, 1988, 1994). A positive outlook enhances achievement motivation and leads to achievement oriented behaviors such as persistence in challenging situations. Negative thinking has been shown to increase apathy, leading to negative results (e.g., Seligman & Mailer, 1967). Persons classified as pessimists may be more apt to lose motivation in challenging situations and give up on hope for success. Negative thinking, not actual ability, can lead to diminished achievement

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