Pork Barrel Politics, Networks, and Local Economic Development in Contemporary Japan

This chapter describes certain outstanding features of the informal politics of economic development at the "rice roots" in contemporary Japan, is descriptive rather than theoretical. The rich empirical details of each case examined, however, are highly suggestive of certain salient features of that topic. The problems faced by Okayama Prefecture on the northern coast of the Inland Sea are quite similar to Toyama's. A big issue is the slow but steady decline of the agricultural economy in the northeastern part of the prefecture. The national government raises slightly more than 70% of its tax revenue through several direct taxes and the remainder through a large number of indirect taxes. The funds from the public works expenditure category of the general ac-count, several special account budgets, and FILP generate a pool of funds available to localities—known as national treasury spending funds or, more popularly, as subsidy funds—that is comparable in size to the grants-in-aid funds from the general account budget.

Chapter 1. Local Economic Development in a Global Market How Economists View the World Models and Assumptions Individual Behavior and Utility Maximization Ideological Perspectives on Market Operations How Markets Work Supply and Demand Supply, Demand, and Efficiency Markets Are Not Always Efficient The Role of Profits Economic Development Defined Careers in LED The Nature of Regions Types of Regions Local, National, and Global Economic Development Chapter 2. Business Location, Expansion, and Retention Locational Factors Inertia Transportation Cost Minimizing Models Production Costs National Political Climate and Stability Opportunity Creation The Decision Making Process Motivations Practical Limitations on the Choice Process Steps in the Corporate Site Selection Process Changing Relative Importance of Locational Factors Surveys of Location Factors Survey Findings Past to Present Conducting Business Retention and Expansion Programs 3. Markets, Urban Systems, and Local Development Demand and Market Areas Demand in a Spatial Setting Competition for Markets Threshold Demand and Range Determinants of Market Size The Urban Hierarchy and Urban System Central Places Goods and Services According to Urban Rank Changing Urban Patterns An Evaluation of the Central-Place Approach Considerations Extraneous to Central-Place Theory Transportation Costs Market Overlap, Rate Absorption, and Price Discrimination Product Differentiation Agglomeration Economies Institutional Factors Non-employment Residential Locations and Commuting Empirical Evidence Globalization and Urban (City) Systems How to Measure Areas of Influence Survey Techniques Reilly's Law of Retail Gravitation Probabilistic Models Retail Spending An Example Hinterland Expansion Strategies 4. Economic Interdependence and Local Structure Agglomeration Economies Internal Agglomeration Economies Direct Sales Purchases Linkages Localization Economies Urbanization Economies Recap Cluster Analysis Measures of Economic Structure North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) Location Quotients Estimating Export Employment with Location Quotients Surveys to Determine Export Activities Coefficients of Specialization Occupational Structure Other Aspects of Regional Structure 5. Regional Growth and Development Stages of Growth Industrial Filtering (Life Cycle Model) Adding New Work to Old How Do Cities Move from One State to the Next? Circular Flow Diagram Elements of the Circular Flow Model Equilibrium and Change The Multiplier The Export Base Theory of Growth The Formal Income Model How to Operationalize the Export Base Approach Impact Studies and Export Base Forecasts Critique of the Export-Base Approach Primacy of Exports Import Substitution Productivity Exports Not Always Exogenous Small versus Large Regions Feedbacks among Regions Non-basic Activities May Not Increase Long-Run Instability of the Multiplier Excessive Aggregation Supply-Side Approaches Intermediate Inputs Entrepreneurship Capital Land (Environmental Resources) Labor Supply and Demand Side Approaches: A Synthesis 6. Additional Tools for Regional Analysis Shift and Share Analysis An Application Critique Econometric and Simulation Models Econometric Models Caveats Importance-Strength Analysis Input-Output: Analysis The Transactions Table The Table of Direct Coefficients The Table of Direct and Indirect Coefficients Input-Output Applications 7. Institutionalist Perspectives on Local Development External Benefits from Economic Development Job and Income Creation Fiscal Improvement Physical Improvements Who Benefits From Growth? Characteristics of Resource Supply Opponents of Growth Subsidies, Competition and Economic Development Is Local Economic Development a Zero Sum Game? Inefficiency and Oversubsidization Discretionary versus Entitlement Subsidies Cost Minimization versus Human Capital Strategies Social Capital and Economic Development Generic Economic Problems and Social Capital Ambiguous Reception of Social Capital Social Capital and Local Development Strategies Using Social Capital to Mitigate Economic Development Conflicts Social Network Analysis: Getting the Right People to the Table Targeting Development Efforts Cluster-Based Economic Development 8. Local Economic Development in a Flattening World Models of Trade and Resource Flows Comparative Advantage Resource Mobility Economics of Migration Retiree-Migrant Development Strategy Mobility of Capital Innovations and Ideas Spatial Diffusion Implications for Regional Development Mobility and Development Policy Jobs-to-People versus People-to-Jobs Immigration and Urban Development 9. Land Use What Gives Land Value? Land Rents and Value The Nature of Rent, Productivity and Access Highest and Best Use The Land Development Process Developer Goals The Market Study Environmental Impact Statements Profit Feasibility The Development Decision Implications of Financial Analysis for LED Land-Use Patterns The Monocentric City Model The Desity Gradient Roads and Axial Development Agglomeration and the Multiple-Nuclear City Speculation Changing Land Use Patterns Evaluating Metropolitan Spread (Urban Sprawl) Land Use and Economic Development Tools Zoning and Its Critics Flexibility and Land Use Regulations The Eminent Domain Controversy Rights to Land and Economic Development 10. Housing and Neighborhood Development Fundamentals of Housing Economics Hedonic Pricing Uncertainty, Market Imperfections, and Competition Residential Location and Neighborhood Change The Filtering-Down Theory The Trade-Off Model The Cultural Agglomeration Model The Tiebout Model The Aggregate Economic Fallout Model Initiating and Perpetuating the Change Process Housing Policy Issues Rent Control versus Market Forces Income Support versus Housing Assistance Supply versus Demand Side Assistance Ghetto Dispersal versus Ghetto Improvement Dwelling-Unit versus Neighborhood Development Linkage Between Local Housing and Global Financial Markets Retail and Commercial Neighborhoods The Social Economy of Neighborhoods Community Development Corporations Cooperatives Community Gardens 11. Poverty and Lagging Regions The Nature of Poverty Conceptual Approaches Demographics of Poverty Spatial Concentrations of Urban Poverty Regional Linkages: The Spread and Backwash Effects Empirical Studies of Spatial Linkages Spatial Linkages and Theories of Spatial Poverty Policy Issues Strengthening Linkages Improving Productivity Addressing Wage Rigidities Employment Guarantee Schemes in India Income Support 12. Local Governance, Finance, and Regional Integration Spatial Perspectives on Government Functions Distribution and the Race to the Bottom Local Allocation Public Transportation - An Example Size and Scope of Local Governments Economies and Diseconomies of Scale Decision-Making Costs Improving Government Efficiency Using Prices and Fees Local Taxation and Economic Development Accountability Intergovernmental Competition Intergovernmental Grants and Coordination Rearranging Functions Privatization Market Based Reforms in Education Fiscal Impact and Benefit-Cost Studies Fiscal Impact Studies Benefit-Cost Analysis 13. Local Economic Development Planning The Future and Local Development Concern with Values and Attitudes Technological Change Systems Orientation Importance of Timing Planning Perspectives on Development Policy The Planning Process Limits of Planning Planning and Future Studies Tools Delphi Forecasting Games Scenarios Environmental Scanning About the Author

Research Article| March 01 1996 Pork Barrel Politics, Networks, and Local Economic Development in Contemporary Japan Haruhiro Fukui, Haruhiro Fukui Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Shigeko N. Fukai Shigeko N. Fukai Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (1996) 36 (3): 268–286. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645692 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Haruhiro Fukui, Shigeko N. Fukai; Pork Barrel Politics, Networks, and Local Economic Development in Contemporary Japan. Asian Survey 1 March 1996; 36 (3): 268–286. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2645692 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAsian Survey Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1996 The Regents of the University of California Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Local level economic development has eluded Ghana since independence. This was because most policies were centralized. As a result, focus was shifted to local economic development. This article comparatively examined the local economic development strategies implemented in three of Ghana’s Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies. Using the mixed method and multiple case study approaches of research, the study sampled a total of 533 respondents across the three Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies and analyzed data using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The study gleaned that the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies implemented similar local economic development strategies which could be categorized into contemporary local economic development and traditional local economic development approaches. Challenges such as inadequate finance, land tenure system, lack of modern equipment among others were identified. The provision of a central pool for financing local economic development, harmonization of locality development policies, de-politicization of local economic development policies, the adoption of change management strategies in Ghana’s local governance system, effective land tenure system are recommended for the success of local economic development in Ghana.

Contents: Foreword, Jeffrey A. Finkle Preface Part 1 Introduction: The importance of theory: linking theory to practice, James E. Rowe. Part 2 Defining the Discipline: Theory and practice in economic development: 80 entangled years in search of Panacea, Mark Miller The evolution of American (spatial) local and regional economic development policy and planning, Edward J. Blakely The theory and practice of developing locally, Andrew Beer. Part 3 Theoretical Concepts: 'Globalisation' and 'local economic development' in a globalising world: critical reflections on the theory-practice relation, Richard Le Heron Configuring to be globally competitive, Michael I. Luger Location theory, Philip McCann The theory behind business clusters, Martin Perry Regional economic development methods and analysis: linking theory to practice, Robert Stimson and Roger R. Stough The role of universities in theories of regional development, Paul Dalziel, Caroline Saunders and William Kaye-Blake Philosophies in entrepreneurship: a focus on economic theories, Luke Pittaway Theory and practice of technology-based economic development, Harvey A. Goldstein Social capital and local economic development, John P. Blair and Michael Carroll. Part 4 Theoretical Frameworks: Imperatives of enjoyment: economic development under globalisation, Michael Gunder Moving the discipline beyond metaphors, James E. Rowe Towards an alternative theoretical framework for understanding local economic development James E. Rowe Appendices Index.

This study examines the relationship between road investments and local economic development. More specifically, it incorporates the best available theory on this relationship into a workable approach for those faced with making road investment decisions. To provide a sense of the types of projects state-level highway administrators must evaluate and to apply the approach developed, a specific state program is used as a case study. Chapter 1 is an introduction. Chapter 2 presents a discussion of the economic development process. In Chapter 3 highway investment is related to local and regional economic development. Chapter 4 provides a review of previous research on the connection between highway investment and economic growth and development, and reports the results of a survey conducted of all 50 state departments of transportation. Also discussed in Chapter 4 are the features of special economic development highway programs found in 24 states. Their ability to promote efficient investments is examined. Chapter 5 examines Iowa's RISE (Revitalize Iowa's Sound Economy) program. The details of the program are explained and its funding experience to date is summarized. The 18 projects approved more than three years prior to this evaluation are then examined. Performance measures used by the Iowa DOT -- cost per job assisted and capital investment ratio -- are applied to compare projected and reported results. These two performance measures are critiqued as bases for making investment decisions. In the final chapter, Chapter 6, the framework presented in Chapters 2 and 3 are applied to assess the economic development impacts of the 18 case study RISE projects. A series of questions or screens are used in the evaluation of each RISE project. These screens constitute a sequential series of considerations for a state evaluating a proposed road improvement if the objective is local economic development.

This chapter explains the objective of this book, which is to compare local and regional economic development (LRED). This book aims to provide a better understanding of how local economic development is currently practised in Australia, England, Northern Ireland, and the United States. It describes the institutional landscape of LRED, examines the different governance structures for LRED's delivery, and outlines the main funding systems for local development in each country. The book analyses some of the main differences within each country in terms of how local-development activities are conducted and provides a critical analysis of the views of practitioners of the most and least effective approaches to economic development in each country.

Over the last two decades, interest increased with regard to how some research universities made direct impacts on surrounding regional economic activities and growth. Although the role of basic research for most research universities has remained strong, pressure has intensified to broaden its missions to include helping local and regional economic development efforts. Consequently, many research universities have evolved their basic scientific research mission from the production of scientific knowledge to the sharing and exchange of knowledge with local industries by actively engaging in local economic development (Uyarra 2010). Previous examination has shown that most research universities contribute to local and regional economic development by various functions they provide. They are as follows: Creation of Knowledge, Human-capital creation, Transfer of existing know-how, Technological innovation, Capital investment, Regional leadership, Knowledge infrastructure production and Influence in regional milieu (Drucker and Goldstein 2007). This paper will review the existing literature on the role of universities and its impacts on local regional economic growth and development. In addition, this paper will show how two major research universities (The University of Arizona and Arizona State University) have contributed to the growth of Arizona during last two decades. It is believed that the existence of these two research universities have been instrumental in making industries more diverse and highly attractive, particularly in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area.

Foreword (Terry Nichols Clark. ) Introduction (Norman Walzer. ) Local Economic Development: Policy or Politics? (Michael Keating. ) The Bureau-Politics of Economic Development and Urban Renewal in Britain (Brian D. Jacobs. ) When the Going Gets Tough: Changing Local Economic Development Strategies in Sweden (Jon Pierre. ) Does the Local Context Matter? The Extent of Local Government Involvement in Economic Development in Sweden and Britain (Christine Hudson. ) Local Economic Development Practices in Norway: Response to Economic Need or Institutional Product? (Oddbjrn Bukve. ) Incentives and Economic Development: An Empirical Analysis (N. Walzer and Poh C. Png. ) Russia: New Economic and Political Development and Consciousness (Tatiana Abramova. ) Structuring Locality: Economic Development and Growth Management in Wisconsin Cities and Villages (Gary P. Green. ) Development Policy Innovation in American Cities (Rowan Miranda and Donald Rosdil.)

A great many papers have considered and analysed the problems of local economic planning and development, and it was a pleasure to read Michael Teitz's contribution with its emphasis on the role of small business. There are, however, differences in approach among writers on local economic development and it is useful to explore such differences. At first reading, Teitz's analysis appears to demonstrate a systematic approach, for he first discusses the problem of local economic development and the ways in which we understand how local economies work before proceeding to a review of the question of intervention to stimulate economic development. The core of the problems seems to be the loss of sources of employment and income without any evident means of replacement. For his analysis of the understanding of local economies, Michael Teitz discusses three kinds of approach which have been adopted traditional, structural and developmental and gives examples of each. However, provisional conclusions such as the following are somewhat disappointing and unremarkable: 'No simple formula can be employed in every circumstance to generate development'; 'Each of the broad conceptual approaches discussed so far is reflected in corresponding economic development strategies, albeit imperfectly.' The section discussing intervention and planning in the local economy is a clear description of actual approaches in the USA and the UK, but the analysis does not

Ponte Academic JournalNov 2022, Volume 78, Issue 11 THE IMPACT OF COVID19 ON LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION IN SOUTH AFRICAAuthor(s): Sentiwe Maxwell ,lukman Yosuf, Makiwane BeautyJ. Ponte - Nov 2022 - Volume 78 - Issue 11 doi: 10.21506/j.ponte.2022.11.1 Abstract:Abstract Local Economic Development is an approach towards economic development which allows and encourages local people to work together to achieve sustainable economic growth and development thereby bringing economic benefits and improved quality of life for all residents in a local municipal area. As a programme, LED is intended to maximize the economic potential of all municipal localities throughout the country and, to enhance the resilience of the macro-economic growth through increased local economic growth, employment creation and development initiatives within the context of sustainable development (Bibri, S.E., 2021). LED is globally, but especially in developing countries, seen as the solution to improved quality of life, unemployment, poverty, and inequality. Development economics is focused on the economic, cultural, and political requirements to effect fast institutional reform so as to distribute the benefits of economic progress to the broadest section of the population, thereby ensuring that the poverty trap is broken (Eldridge, E., Rancourt, M.E., Langley, A. and Héroux, D., 2022). In order to achieve this, government intervention by means of policy formulation is needed as a component of development economics. With this background this paper will look into the impact of covid 19 on Local economic development and innovation in the Eastern Cape Municipalities, as this pandemic is threatening the stability of local government economy. In this study of the impact of covid19 on local economic development policy, evaluation theory was considered in the conversion of inputs that pertain to community needs. Download full text:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution Username Password

In the contemporary multiplying uncertainties of local governments, politicians and public managers are constantly faced by a recurrent problem: despite financial constraints and with scarce resources, they have to combine the delivery of efficient public services with local economic development and democratic quality. This paper draws on an ethnography concerning the design and implementation of a Strategic Planning process within a Spanish city government and is framed by the proposition that local governments are experimental places for what is usually referred to as democratic governance. Focusing on the way in which the use of Strategic Planning entails a trade-off between urban and economic development and democracy, the article explores how this formal mechanism of citizens’ and business´ participation serves to establish relational processes to reinvigorate local economic development, democracy and administrative modernization. The paper also argues that, in order to fully implement new urban development practices at the local level, it is necessary to take into account not only institutional issues, but also the communal, social and political resources that frame both formal and informal deliberations propelled by the Strategic Planning process. It is the interaction and combination of these that determine the paths and developments of local government innovations.

Over the course of the last decade or so, the concept of social capital - social and solidarity relationships, norms of reciprocity, trust-based interactions, and the set of civil society institutions and associations that underpin efficient collective action - has spectacularly burst on to the local economic and social development scene. Much of the credit for the current popularity of the social capital concept can be attributed to the work of Robert Putnam in relation to northern Italy, undertaken over the 1970s and 1980s with a number of local collaborators. As a result of Putnam's insights, social capital is now seen as a pivotal factor in successful local and regional economic development: for example, through more efficient government structures, higher levels of local volunteerism and civil society activity, a reduced need for formal contracts in business activities, greater local effort invested into community development projects, and the bottom-up empowerment, mobilisation and self-improvement of marginalised groups and regions, especially through their enhanced ability to constructively link up with centres of power and wealth outside of their immediate community. Organisations such as the World Bank now consider social capital to be the missing link in development. An understanding of the importance and impact of social capital is now routinely incorporated into virtually all economic and social development projects promoted and financed in Croatia by all the IFIs, the major bilaterals and many international development NGOs. Importantly, the EU has identified the need to promote social capital in Croatia as one of the most important tasks in the coming years, particularly in those regions marked out by conflict and inter-ethnic discord. Most EU programmes are, accordingly, heavily contingent upon promoting social capital as a way to promote economic and social integration and increased co-operation at the local level.This paper challenges the growing consensus around the work of the social capital industry and its centrality to successful economic and social recovery in Croatia and elsewhere. For sure, the main concepts associated with social capital could constitute a genuinely socially progressive force for change: solidarity, reciprocity, mutual support, trust, empowerment can underpin sustainable local economic development in a number of creative ways. However, the paper sees social capital concept as actually only very loosely connected, perhaps just inadvertently, to genuinely sustainable local economic development. Its real function is, instead, not so much to support and facilitate emerging bottom up community activity and popular pressure for meaningful local change, but actually to contain and block any such local developments wherever they might present a challenge the core imperatives of the wider neo-liberal policy programme associated with EU integration and World Bank/IMF requirements.

Local economic development involves identifying and using primarily local resources, ideas and skills to stimulate economic growth and development, with the aim of creating employment opportunities, reducing poverty, and redistributing resources and opportunities to the benefit of local residents. Growth and development cannot take place in an institutional and legal vacuum. Local development and growth require an institutional and legal framework that allows development to take place in an orderly manner and in which agents know that the decisions they take and the contracts they make will be protected by law, and enforced. This paper examines the policy and institutional frameworks on local economic development in Ghana. The paper relies on desk research and secondary documents by critically examining and reviewing them. The findings show that over the years several institutions and policies have been put in place to help improve development at the local level. It is therefore important to build the local capacities and strengthen these institutions to be able to exploit local resources and to stimulate economic development at the local level. Key words: Local economic development, institutions, local government, poverty.

Local Economic Development (LED) revitalization objective to change view of stockholders included of Central Government, Regional Government, Non Government Institution, and community, for Local Economic Development (LED) to be instrument of developing economic activity was based on locally resources for increasing the sustainable of local community welfare. This research aims to give accuracy information for Regional Governmen of Sukoharjo used for make Local Economic Development (LED) action plan for sustainable, in short term, middle term, and long term. The method of this research was descriptive analysis. The analysis method used for Rapid Assesment Techniques For Local Economic Development (RAPID). The output of this research is including output identific of Local Economic Development factors, LED status and LED recommended in Sukoharjo Regency. The location of this research for LED status was Sukoharjo Regency, in accordance with LED frame work of Central Java Province based on developed of business clusters in Local Economic Development (LED) sectors. Object research of LED status was Sukoharjo Regency, whereas respondent are stockholders to hook with Local Economic Development (LED) in Sukoharjo Regency. Based on this research output from RALED, it can be concluded that Sukoharjo Regency include in well categories viewed from six aspect of LED dimension, namely Target Groups, Location Factor, Synergy and Policy Focused, Sustainable Development, Government System, and Management Process. Unfortunately, based on specific value of many aspect of LED dimension in Sukoharjo Regency, it is still necessary to obtain serious attention from all stockholders particularly LED or FEDEP Forume (Forume Economic Development and Employment Promotion) in Sukoharjo Regency in the future. Therefore, it can increase many aspect of LED dimension to grow Local Economic Development (LED) in Sukoharjo Regency, particularly related with many aspect of PEL dimension, among of Target Groups, Focus and Synergy Policies, Government System, and Management Process.