Abstract
BackgroundGenetic variation of microsatellite loci is a widely used method for the analysis of population genetic structure of several organisms. To improve our knowledge on the population genetics of trypanosomes, Trypanosoma congolense forest and savannah types were identified in the mid-guts of Glossina palpalis palpalis caught in five villages of Fontem in the South-West region of Cameroon. From the positive samples of Trypanosoma congolense forest, the genetic diversity and the population genetic structure of these parasites were evaluated.MethodFor this study, pyramidal traps were set up during three entomological surveys and 3347 tsetse flies were collected, dissected and 1903 midguts collected. DNA was extracted from midguts and specific primers were used to identify Trypanosoma congolense forest and savannah. All Trypanosoma congolense forest positive samples were characterized with seven microsatellite markers.ResultsMicroscopic examination revealed 25 (1.31%) mid-gut infections with trypanosomes while the PCR method identified 120 (6.3%) infections due to Trypanosoma congolense: 94 (78.33%) Trypanosoma congolense forest and 28 (21.77%) Trypanosoma congolense savannah. The trypanosome infection rates varied significantly between villages and years of capture. Menji recorded the highest infection rate (15.11%); and samples captured in 2009 were more infected (14.33%). The microsatellite markers revealed a genetic variability between Trypanosoma congolense forest populations of Fontem villages and 6.38% of mixed infections due to different genotypes of T. congolense “forest type”.ConclusionOur data on the population genetics play in favor of a clonal reproduction of this parasite. The microsatellite markers used here showed a low genetic differentiation and an absence of sub-structuration (FST ≤ 0.0003) between Trypanosoma congolense forest populations of Fontem villages. However, the high FST value (FST ≥ 0.3911) between samples of the Democratic Republic of Congo and those of Fontem villages indicates low migration rates between trypanosomes of these subpopulations.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-385) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Genetic variation of microsatellite loci is a widely used method for the analysis of population genetic structure of several organisms
The microsatellite markers revealed a genetic variability between Trypanosoma congolense forest populations of Fontem villages and 6.38% of mixed infections due to different genotypes of T. congolense “forest type”
Our data on the population genetics play in favor of a clonal reproduction of this parasite
Summary
Genetic variation of microsatellite loci is a widely used method for the analysis of population genetic structure of several organisms. Several studies have been carried out in order to understand the epidemiology of the diseases caused by T. congolense as well as the pathological manifestations resulting from infections caused by this pathogen [6,7] From these studies, important data were generated on the prevalence and the distribution of T. congolense in many parts of Africa [8,9]. Compared to other trypanosomes like for instance T. brucei subspecies where several studies have been undertaken on their genetic characterization in order to understand the epidemiological importance of these parasites [10,11,12], little investigation has been undertaken on the genetic characterization of different types of T. congolense. With the same microsatellite markers, Simo et al [15] generated data that suggested clonal reproduction within the forest type of T. congolense circulating in domestic animals of the South-West region of Cameroon. Investigating the genetic variability of T. congolense circulating in tsetse flies may enable us to improve our knowledge on the population genetics of these parasites, and improve our understanding of the transmission of T. congolense between villages, and between tsetse flies and different vertebrate hosts
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