Abstract
Conservation strategies are urgently needed for tropical turtles that are increasingly threatened by unsustainable exploitation. Studies conducted exclusively in temperate zones have revealed that typical turtle life history traits (including delayed sexual maturity and high adult survivorship) make sustainable harvest programs an unviable strategy for turtle conservation. However, most turtles are tropical in distribution and the tropics have higher, more constant and more extended ambient temperature regimes that, in general, are more favorable for population growth. To estimate the capacity of temperate and tropical turtles to sustain harvest, we synthesized life-history traits from 165 predominantly freshwater turtle species in 12 families (Carettochelydae, Chelidae, Chelydridae, Dermatemydidae, Emydidae, Geoemydidae, Kinosternidae, Pelomedusidae, Platysternidae, Podocnemididae, Staurotypidae and Trionychidae). The influence of climate variables and latitude on turtle life-history traits (clutch size, clutch frequency, age at sexual maturity, and annual adult survival) were examined using Generalized Additive Models. The biological feasibility of sustainable harvest in temperate and tropical species was evaluated using a sensitivity analysis of population growth rates obtained from stage-structured matrix population models. Turtles at low latitudes (tropical zones) exhibit smaller clutch sizes, higher clutch frequency, and earlier age at sexual maturity than those at high latitudes (temperate zones). Adult survival increased weakly with latitude and declined significantly with increasing bioclimatic temperature (mean temperature of warmest quarter). A modeling synthesis of these data indicates that the interplay of life-history traits does not create higher harvest opportunity in adults of tropical species. Yet, we found potential for sustainable exploitation of eggs in tropical species. Sustainable harvest as a conservation strategy for tropical turtles appears to be as biologically problematic as in temperature zones and likely only possible if the focus is on limited harvest of eggs. Further studies are urgently needed to understand how the predicted population surplus in early life stages can be most effectively incorporated into conservation programs for tropical turtles.
Highlights
Vertebrate animals are important for human welfare and wellbeing [1,2,3], as food, medicine, and cultural uses by rural and aboriginal communities [3,4,5,6]
Conservation strategies are urgently needed for tropical turtles that are increasingly threatened by unsustainable exploitation
Sustainable harvest as a conservation strategy for tropical turtles appears to be as biologically problematic as in temperature zones and likely only possible if the focus is on limited harvest of eggs
Summary
Vertebrate animals are important for human welfare and wellbeing [1,2,3], as food, medicine, and cultural uses by rural and aboriginal communities [3,4,5,6]. Freshwater turtles are a good example—they are frequently targeted for both subsistence and commercial harvest, primarily by local communities that live in the vicinity of river and wetlands [7,8,9]. Large adult turtles [18,19,20,21] and eggs [18] are usually the primary target of harvesting, because these life stages are the most valuable for food [7, 8, 16] and the easiest life stages to encounter. The greatest harvesting pressure occurs in tropical areas [7, 8], where the most freshwater turtles occur [22, 23]. Conservation strategies are urgently needed for tropical turtles that are increasingly threatened by unsustainable exploitation. Most turtles are tropical in distribution and the tropics have higher, more constant and more extended ambient temperature regimes that, in general, are more favorable for population growth
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