Abstract
In the 19th century in the Douro region (where port wine was produced) there were still social protest which were considered to be pre-modern, that is, they had typical features of the protests that occurred before the 18th century, such as banditry or millenary movements. These movements didn’t have any organized structures such as political parties or trade unions and took place spontaneously and sporadically, having emerged as a reaction to the changes introduced by the new liberal politics and capitalist society. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n8p91
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