Abstract
Bone is a complex structure with unique cellular and molecular process in its formation. Bone tissue regeneration is a well-organized and routine process at the cellular and molecular level in humans through the activation of biochemical pathways and protein expression. Though many forms of biomaterials have been applied for bone tissue regeneration, electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds have attracted more attention among researchers with their physicochemical properties such as tensile strength, porosity, and biocompatibility. When drugs, antibiotics, or functional nanoparticles are taken as additives to the nanofiber, its efficacy towards the application gets increased. Polyphenol is a versatile green/phytochemical small molecule playing a vital role in several biomedical applications, including bone tissue regeneration. When polyphenols are incorporated as additives to the nanofibrous scaffold, their combined properties enhance cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation in bone tissue defect. The present review describes bone biology encompassing the composition and function of bone tissue cells and exemplifies the series of biological processes associated with bone tissue regeneration. We have highlighted the molecular mechanism of bioactive polyphenols involved in bone tissue regeneration and specified the advantage of electrospun nanofiber as a wound healing scaffold. As the polyphenols contribute to wound healing with their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, we have compiled a list of polyphenols studied, thus far, for bone tissue regeneration along with their in vitro and in vivo experimental biological results and salient observations. Finally, we have elaborated on the importance of polyphenol-loaded electrospun nanofiber in bone tissue regeneration and discussed the possible challenges and future directions in this field.
Highlights
Plant polyphenols are excellent sources of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials, acting as potential drugs in modern biomedicine [1, 2]
Characteristic inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-Β (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), protein-lysine 6-oxidase (LOX), and inducible nitric oxide synthase and activation of activating protein-1 (AP-1), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase C (PKC), nuclear factorerythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and phase II antioxidant detoxifying enzymes are affiliated to the antiinflammatory activities of the polyphenols [16]
(1) Though many reports are available to study polyphenols loaded incorporated electrospun nanofiber for bone tissue regeneration, the nanofibers prepared in their studies are mostly accomplished using the conventional electrospinning method
Summary
Plant polyphenols are excellent sources of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials, acting as potential drugs in modern biomedicine [1, 2]. The mechanisms of polyphenols’ antioxidant action include (1) scavenging ROS, (2) up-regulation or protection of antioxidant defenses, and (3) suppression of ROS formation either by inhibition of enzymes or by chelating trace elements involved in the free radical generation [12] Several polyphenolic compounds such as curcumin, quercetin, catechin, icariin, EGCG, and resveratrol have been studied to apply bone tissue engineering. The positive effect of curcumin showed a strong ALP staining intensity, higher mineralization, and upregulation of osteo specific bone markers, confirming an improved osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs compared with ATRA and control (Fig. 4) It enhanced the osteogenic differentiation in MEFs reprogrammed with the osteogenic factor hLMP 3, participating in the regulation of bone remodeling [59].
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