Abstract
The field of polymeric nanoparticles is quickly expanding and playing a pivotal role in a wide spectrum of areas ranging from electronics, photonics, conducting materials, and sensors to medicine, pollution control, and environmental technology. Among the applications of polymers in medicine, gene therapy has emerged as one of the most advanced, with the capability to tackle disorders from the modern era. However, there are several barriers associated with the delivery of genes in the living system that need to be mitigated by polymer engineering. One of the most crucial challenges is the effectiveness of the delivery vehicle or vector. In last few decades, non-viral delivery systems have gained attention because of their low toxicity, potential for targeted delivery, long-term stability, lack of immunogenicity, and relatively low production cost. In 1987, Felgner et al. used the cationic lipid based non-viral gene delivery system for the very first time. This breakthrough opened the opportunity for other non-viral vectors, such as polymers. Cationic polymers have emerged as promising candidates for non-viral gene delivery systems because of their facile synthesis and flexible properties. These polymers can be conjugated with genetic material via electrostatic attraction at physiological pH, thereby facilitating gene delivery. Many factors influence the gene transfection efficiency of cationic polymers, including their structure, molecular weight, and surface charge. Outstanding representatives of polymers that have emerged over the last decade to be used in gene therapy are synthetic polymers such as poly(l-lysine), poly(l-ornithine), linear and branched polyethyleneimine, diethylaminoethyl-dextran, poly(amidoamine) dendrimers, and poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate). Natural polymers, such as chitosan, dextran, gelatin, pullulan, and synthetic analogs, with sophisticated features like guanidinylated bio-reducible polymers were also explored. This review outlines the introduction of polymers in medicine, discusses the methods of polymer synthesis, addressing top down and bottom up techniques. Evaluation of functionalization strategies for therapeutic and formulation stability are also highlighted. The overview of the properties, challenges, and functionalization approaches and, finally, the applications of the polymeric delivery systems in gene therapy marks this review as a unique one-stop summary of developments in this field.
Highlights
The field of polymeric nanoparticles (PNP) is quickly expanding and playing a pivotal role in a wide spectrum of areas from electronics, photonics, conducting materials, and sensors to pollutionPolymers 2019, 11, 745; doi:10.3390/polym11040745 www.mdpi.com/journal/polymersPolymers 2019, 11, 745 control, environmental technology, and medicine [1,2,3]
This review presents a comprehensive assessment of polymers used in gene therapy (Figure 1), connecting a range of topics from their synthesis to practical applications
A CD-based polyrotaxamer is used for combining gene delivery with cellular targeting for in vivo administration [212]
Summary
The field of polymeric nanoparticles (PNP) is quickly expanding and playing a pivotal role in a wide spectrum of areas from electronics, photonics, conducting materials, and sensors to pollution. Non-viral delivery systems entered the scene because of their while efficient, pose safety issues, despite the continuous efforts of virologists to minimize their low toxicity, potential for targeted delivery, long-term stability, lack of immunogenicity, and immunogenicity and side effects. Forces tointeract form nanoparticles (NPs), charged called lipoplexes They with the negatively phosphateLipoplexes groups present in nucleic acidstheir via electrostatic from degradation, and deliver inside mammalian. This breakthrough opened opportunity forces to form nanoparticles (NPs), called lipoplexes.cells. Enclosure and subsequent release of polyplexes from endo-lysosomal of anionic DNA and siRNA with cationic polymers to form polyplexes (2) cellular uptake of compartments,. Transfer of DNA to the nucleus for expression by nuclear membrane transport proteins and endo-lysosomal compartments, (4) release of free DNA and siRNA from polyplexes leaving behind binding of siRNA by RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)
Published Version (Free)
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have