Abstract
The complexity of some diseases—as well as the inherent toxicity of certain drugs—has led to an increasing interest in the development and optimization of drug-delivery systems. Polymeric nanoparticles stand out as a key tool to improve drug bioavailability or specific delivery at the site of action. The versatility of polymers makes them potentially ideal for fulfilling the requirements of each particular drug-delivery system. In this review, a summary of the state-of-the-art panorama of polymeric nanoparticles as drug-delivery systems has been conducted, focusing mainly on those applications in which the corresponding disease involves an important morbidity, a considerable reduction in the life quality of patients—or even a high mortality. A revision of the use of polymeric nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery, for cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as nutraceutical delivery, was carried out, and a short discussion about future prospects of these systems is included.
Highlights
The complexity of certain diseases and the toxicity associated with some treatments increasingly demand novel routes for drug delivery
The use of hyaluronic acid in the NP outer surface increases adhesion to mucosal tissue and active ingredient liberation time, which is beneficial for drug delivery to eyes
Given that ATP-binding Cassette (ABC) transporters mediated Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the main obstacle for effective cancer therapy, the use of PEG as coating material for polymeric NPs has recently been described as an effective tool for inhibiting ABC transporters
Summary
The complexity of certain diseases and the toxicity associated with some treatments increasingly demand novel routes for drug delivery. A drug-delivery system (DDS) is a formulation or device that allows the introduction of active ingredients into the body in order to improve their efficacy, and their safety, by controlling the drug amount, time and release in the site of action, crossing the biologic membranes to get to the therapeutic target [1] This includes therapeutic drug administration methods, and the use of vectors to facilitate their application and diffusion into the human body. In geneirnaclr,eansainngotphaerirtiacblesosrp(NtioPnst)hcroouuglhdebnehaonpcetdimsoizluebdilittyo oimr bpyrfoavcielittahtiengdtrhuegir pbaiossaavgaeitlharboiulgithy,theeither by increasibnigolothgiecirmaebmsborrapnetiso[n4].thDrrouug grehleeansehcaonucldedalssoolbuebciolnittyroollredbaynfdamcialiitnatatiinnegdtahtetihrepraapsesuatgiceletvherlos,ugh the biologicbthymeareadmpjuybstbriynagnthetehsei[nc4co]om.rpDpoorrsuaittgiioornneooleffatmhseeornceaotnuhoalpdnaroatnilcseuoalacbtteeivsceyoisnntegtmrreo.dlTileehndety.aTcnohudeldpmreoavgienrnetsfasaicninileibtdaitoaeltothgtheicectorhameprbaeipnuieetdisc levels, by adjusotrinimgmthuenoctohmerappoiessithioans boefenthperonmanotoepdabryticthuelaatdevsayncsetsemin.nTanhoetyecchonuollodgeyv, deunefatocitlhietaftaectththeatcoitmbined therapyablloywtshea ibnetctoerrpadomraitniiostnraotifonmoofrgeetnh-aonr pornoeteainc-tbivaseedindgrruegds.ieFnutn.ctTiohnealpizraotgiornesosf ithnebNioPlsoaglilocwths erapies or immuthneorethcoegrnaiptiioensohf athsebspeecnifipcrsoitme ooftaecdtiobny, atvhoeidaindgvhaingchessysitnemniacnconteccenhtnraotliongsya, nddureedtuoctinhgesfiadcet that it allows aefbfeectttse.rTahdismprinopisetrrtaythioans boefengevner-yourspefruoltieninth-beadsieagdndosriusgfise.ldFbuynccotimonbianliinzgattihoenspoefctifhicetNarPgestianlglows the recognitwioitnhoAthfcetchotrreadnsipnspgeoctriotfiatchnseditpreerleoevfaisaoecutosilfoyandc,oeasnvctroriaibsdetidangcgehnhatriga[5ch]t.esryisstticesmoifcaconnanceonpatrratitciuolnatseadnedlivreerdyusctirnugctusirde,e effects This proinpveersttyighataiosnbseeanbovuet rtyheusuesfeuloifndtihffeerdeniatgmnoatseirsiafilseladsbnyancoocmarbriienrinpgretchuerssoprsecairfiec atanrgesesteinntgiawl ith the transporretqaunirdemreelnetafsoer othfeaimcopnrotrvaesmteangt eonf tth[e5]a.pplicability and results achieved by these systems. This review focuses on the recent advances of the most promising applications of nanoparticulate polymeric formulations as nanocarriers, considering principally those used to treat diseases with a considerable morbidity, a notable reduction in the patient’s quality of life or even an important mortality
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