Abstract
Studies using polymeric scaffolds for various biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, implants and medical substitutes, and drug delivery systems, have attempted to identify suitable material for tissue regeneration. This study aimed to investigate the biocompatibility and effectiveness of a gelatin scaffold seeded with human adipose stem cells (hASCs), including physical characteristics, multilineage differentiation in vitro, and osteogenic potential, in a rat model of a calvarial bone defect and to optimize its design. This functionalized scaffold comprised gelatin-hASCs layers to improve their efficacy in various biomedical applications. The gelatin scaffold exhibited excellent biocompatibility in vitro after two weeks of implantation. Furthermore, the gelatin scaffold supported and specifically regulated the proliferation and osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of hASCs, respectively. After 12 weeks of implantation, upon treatment with the gelatin-hASCs scaffold, the calvarial bone harboring the critical defect regenerated better and displayed greater osteogenic potential without any damage to the surrounding tissues compared to the untreated bone defect. These findings suggest that the present gelatin scaffold is a good potential carrier for stem cells in various tissue engineering applications.
Highlights
Owing to a reduced supply and concomitantly increased demand for organ transplants, tissue engineering approaches offer hope to patients who are urgently in need of tissue and organ replacements
Besides osteopontin and osteocalcin expression as bone differentiation markers, this study shows that human adipose stem cells (hASCs) seeded on the gelatin scaffold enhanced the GAG content (Figure 6b,c), implying its importance in the regeneration of mature cartilage extracellular matrices (ECMs) [50]
In addition to bone tissue engineering (BTE), this study shows that hASCs seeded in the gelatin scaffold are potentially applicable in cartilage tissue engineering (CTE) and neural tissue engineering (NTE) during organ transplantation
Summary
Owing to a reduced supply and concomitantly increased demand for organ transplants, tissue engineering approaches offer hope to patients who are urgently in need of tissue and organ replacements. Since 1980, scientists have developed a novel method to generate complex structures with polymers, which exhibit the desired properties for specific tissue engineering applications. Gelatin scaffold provide a suitable environment for bone reconstruction; it was degraded faster than desire primarily due to the gelatin component were enzymatically catalyzed hydrolysis in a living organism [13]. Polycaprolactone (PCL), a well-known polyester material, is primarily used to produce 3D scaffolding for tissue engineering applications. To enhance the mechanical properties and extend the degradation time of the scaffold, composite materials with PCL were used for various tissue regeneration applications [15]. The gelatin PCL-composite scaffold for tissue engineering has potential ability to mimic the native bone tissue environment
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