Abstract
Industrial operations, domestic and agricultural activities worldwide have had major problems with various contaminants caused by environmental pollution. Heavy metal pollution in wastewater also a prominent issue; therefore, a well built and economical treatment technology is demanded for pollution-free wastewater. The present work emphasized pure cellulose extracted from jute fiber and further modification was performed by a free radical grafting reaction, which resulted in poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA)-grafted cellulose and poly(acrylonitrile)-grafted cellulose. Subsequently, poly(hydroxamic acid) and poly(amidoxime) ligands were prepared from the PMA-grafted cellulose and PAN-grafted cellulose, respectively. An adsorption study was performed using the desired ligands with heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, chromium and nickel ions. The binding capacity (qe) with copper ions for poly(hydroxamic acid) is 352 mg g−1 whereas qe for poly(amidoxime) ligand it was exhibited as 310 mg g−1. Other metal ions (chromium, cobalt and nickel) show significance binding properties at pH 6. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm study was also performed. The Freundlich isotherm model showed good correlation coefficients for all metal ions, indicating that multiple-layers adsorption was occurred by the polymer ligands. The reusability was evaluated and the adsorbents can be reused for 7 cycles without significant loss of removal performance. Both ligands showed outstanding metals removal capacity from the industrial wastewater as such 98% of copper can be removed from electroplating wastewater and other metals (cobalt, chromium, nickel and lead) can also be removed up to 90%.
Highlights
Water is an essential element for living organisms, including humans, animals especially aquatic organisms, as well as plants
The current study emphasises the graft copolymerization of jute cellulose with methyl acrylate/or acrylonitrile initiated with the ceric ions as a free-radical chain reaction (Scheme 1)
Chemical modification of the cellulose materials is necessary for better adsorption capacities enabling heavy metal recovery from wastewater
Summary
Water is an essential element for living organisms, including humans, animals especially aquatic organisms, as well as plants. There are several reasons that radical polymerization is widely used This includes its ability to produce unlimited number of copolymers, good water tolerance and other impurities, involves simple steps, and is relatively cheap compared with other competitive and sophisticated technologies. It is a reaction involving the presence of radicals, and it is a chain reaction process, consisting initiation, propagation and termination [12]. The cellulose was used in a grafting reaction with methyl acrylate/acrylonitrile monomers by the free radical initiation method to yield poly(methyl acrylate)-grafted cellulose (PMA-grafted cellulose) and/or poly(acrylonitrile)-grafted cellulose (PAN-grafted cellulose) Both grafted celluloses were converted into the poly(hydroxamic acid)/poly(amidoxime) chelating ligands, which is used in the removal of heavy metal ions from synthetics and wastewater. The adsorption ability of heavy metals is relatively higher as they are chelates with multiple bonds that uptake metal ions in a short period of time and, most importantly, it is reusable in several cycles
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